Great Wall, construction of, 12
Greece, 82
Group of Seven (G–7), 186, 201, 206
Gulags, 89, 90
Gulf War, 27, 65
Gumilev, Lev, 110–11
Han Empire, 12–13
Hashimoto, Ryutaro, 26
Haushofer, Karl, 39
Havel, Václav, 80–81
Higuchi Commission, 178n
Hitler, Adolf, xiv, 39, 104
Holy Roman Empire, 15
Hong Kong, 159, 164, 167, 168n, 171, 188, 189, 205, 207
Hungary, 15, 81, 84
Huntington, Samuel P., 30–31
Ikenberry, G. John, 29
India, 41, 52–53, 197, 209; China and, 151, 155, 187n; democracy in, 213; and Eurasian Balkans, 136, 139; geostrategy of, 46; Russia and, 187
Indochina, 13
Indonesia, 41, 45–46, 154, 157, 168n, 169, 176, 183
International Institute of Strategic Studies, 154
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 27, 28
Internet, 25
Iran, 41, 52–53, 115, 197, 204, 206; and American interests in Persian Gulf, 47; China and, 186; and Eurasian Balkans, 95, 124, 125, 129, 132–35, 137, 139, 144, 145, 147–50; Russia and, 116, 118
Iraq, 27, 137
Islam, see Muslims
Israel, 53, 137
Ito, Masayoshi, 178
Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of Russia, 88
Izvestiia, 107
Japan, 5, 8, 23–24, 38, 39, 59, 101, 151–55, 157, 185–88, 193, 209, 210; and American global system, 25–27; China and, 15, 49, 54, 55, 158–60, 164, 166, 169, 170, 172–85, 205, 207, 208; democracy in, 213; geostrategy of, 45, 47–48; imperial, 37; Korea and, 190–92; post-World War II, 23, 25; Russia and, 4, 90, 154; Security Treaty with U.S., 171, 175, 177; in World War II, 25
Japan Association of Corporate Executives, 179n
Japan Forum on International Affairs, 179n
Jiang Zemin, 166
Juppé, Alain, 62
Kasenov, Umirserik, 145
Kazakstan, 48, 93, 95, 125, 130–32, 138, 140–41, 149, 197; China and, 13, 164, 166, 168; and Commonwealth of Independent States, 106, 114, 143; in Community of Sovereign Republics, 109; energy resources of, 145; Eurasianism policy of, 111; famine in, 91; Turkey and, 146–48
Kennedy, John F., 26, 49
Kohl, Helmut, 74
Kohn, Hans, 212
Korea, 154, 157, 182; China and, 13, 166, 169, 183, 187n; Japan and, 154, 190–92; reunification of, 54, 165, 176, 190, 207; see also North Korea; South Korea
Korean War, 6, 25
Kozyrev, Andrei, 98, 107, 115
Kull, Steven, 211n
Kuomintang, 158
Kurds, 134–35
Kuril Islands, 107, 154, 176
Kuwait, 125
Kyrgyzstan, 125, 131, 143; China and, 166; and Commonwealth of Independent States, 106; in Community of Sovereign Republics, 109
Laos, 13
Lebanon, 137
Lebed, Gen. Aleksandr, 120n
Lenin, V. I., 104
Li Peng, 116
Lukin, Vladimir, 95–96
Macao, 159
Mackinder, Harold, 38
Madrid Declaration, 74
Mahathir, Datuk, 171
Malaysia, 157, 158n, 171, 176
Manchuria, 37
Manchus, 13
Mandela, Nelson, 21
Mao Zedong, 88
Medieval Russia and the Great Steppe (Gumilev), 111
Middle East, 220
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), Japanese, 180
Miyazawa, Kiichi, 180
Mongolia, 164, 166
Moldova, 107, 114
Mongol Empire, 6, 15–17, 19, 21
Monroe Doctrine, 3
Morita, Akio, 182
Morocco, 78
Muslims, 17, 89; in Eurasian Balkans, 128, 133, 134, 137, 144; in France, 78; fundamentalist, 47, 53, 134; Russian, 133; in Turkey, 204
Nagorno-Karabakh, 128–29
Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 181
Napoleon, Emperor of France, 19, 37
Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 111, 145, 147
Nazis, 5, 37, 39, 104
Nepal, 13, 164
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 28
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 44, 61, 66, 73, 76, 86, 117, 153; and American global system, 26–28; during Cold War, 172; and dissolution of Warsaw Pact, 92, 100; expansion of, 52, 67–71, 78–82, 84, 101–3, 118, 121, 199–201, 204, 208, 211n; in joint maneuvers with Ukraine, 93; Franco-German-Polish collaboration in, 85; German military integration into, 175; Russia and, 120; Turkey and, 57; Western European Union and, 50, 77
North Korea, 154, 162, 165, 190
One Belt, One Road, 219–220
Opium War, 15, 158
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 120, 201, 209
Organization of Economic Cooperation, 147
Osetians, 129
Ottoman Empire, 19, 135, 136, 140
Ozawa Committee, 178n, 181
Pakistan, 48, 95; China and, 165, 169, 186, 187, 205; and Eurasian Balkans, 136, 139, 145, 147, 149; India and, 46, 53
Panama Canal, 4
Paracel Islands, 154
Parthian Empire, 12
Partnership for Peace, 27, 77
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 25
Persia, 17, 137, 140
Persian Gulf, U.S. presence in, 7, 23, 27, 47, 53–54; see also Gulf War
Petrine Europe, 57, 81
Philippines, 157, 168, 176, 183
Poland, 46, 81; democratic leaders in, 104; in European Union, 44, 68, 70, 92; Germany and, 69–70, 78, 176, 191; Mongol defeat of, 15; in NATO, 68, 70, 92; Ukraine and, 85; war with Russia, 90
Portugal, 19
Primakov, Evgenniy, 115
Punic Wars, 12
Rhythms of Eurasia, The (Gumilev), 111
Roman Empire, 10–13, 15, 16, 21
Romania, 82, 84
Rome intergovernmental conference on political union, 65–66
Russia, 41, 48, 59, 72, 85–122, 199–203, 205–9, 214, 218–221; and American global system, 25; British Empire and, 21; Chechnya and, 37, 89, 91, 95, 97, 99, 114, 133, 140, 141; China and, 23, 95, 115–19, 151, 155, 158, 159, 164, 166–68, 170, 187n, 218–221; in Commonwealth of Independent States, 88, 92–93, 100, 105–9, 111, 113; counteralliance options of, 55, 99, 115–18; and Eurasian Balkans, 124, 128–33, 135–50, 195; France and, 42, 50, 67, 73; geostrategy of, 44–47; Germany and, 66, 68, 70, 73; in Group of Seven, 186; imperial, 19, 88, 89, 95, 135, 140; India and, 187; Japan and, 4, 90, 154, 176, 183; NATO and, 51–52, 79–80, 100–103, 120, 121; near abroad policy of, 98–99, 105–15; strategic partnership with United States sought by, 98–105; zone of insecurity between Europe and, 81; see also Soviet Union
Russian Orthodox Church, 81
Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 111
Ryurikov, Dmitryi, 104n
Saragossa, Treaty of, 19
Saudi Arabia, 95, 133
Schauble, Wolfgang, 74
Senkaku Islands, 154
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 147
Shiites, 134
Silk Route, 144
Singapore, 157, 165, 167, 168n, 171, 205
Slovakia, 82, 84
Slovenia, 81, 82
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 114
South Africa, 21
Sony Corporation, 182
South Korea, 41, 47–48, 153, 214; China and, 171; U.S. presence in, 54, 180, 181, 190; see also Korea
Soviet Union, 5–6, 36, 105, 111, 128, 166, 205; in arms race with United States, 160; Baltic states in, 103; China and, 8–9, 87–88, 173; collapse of, xiii, 9, 10, 68, 87, 88, 91, 96, 98, 129, 139, 141 (see also Russia); France and, 62; Iran and, 134; invasion of Afghanistan by, 7, 91, 141; Japan and, 154; non-Russians in, 110; in World War II, 5
Spain, 19
Spanish-American War, 3
Spratly Islands, 154
Stalin, Joseph, xiv, 91, 103
Sung dynasty, 15
Sun Tsu, 169, 171
Sweden, 77, 84
Syria, 137
Taiwan, 48, 152, 154, 156, 164–65, 168, 169, 181, 183, 197, 205, 206, 214; and rise of Greater China, 44, 159, 167, 171, 188–89, 207
Tajikistan, 125, 129, 131, 138, 139, 143; China and, 166; ethnic groups in, 132; in Persian Empire, 137; Russian military involvement in, 89, 95, 107, 142
Tamerlane, 131
Thailand, 13, 48, 156, 168n
Tiananmen Square pro-democracy movement, 163
Tito, Josip Broz, 88
Tong, Kurt, 193n
Tordesilla, Treaty of, 19
Trans-Eurasian Security System (TESS), 208, 209
Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement, 200
Trubetzkoy, Prince N. S., 110
Tunisia, 78
Turkey, 41, 47, 52–53, 93, 95, 114, 197, 203–4; conflict with Greece, 82; and Eurasian Balkans, 124, 125, 129, 133–40, 143, 144, 146–50; modernization of, 119
Turkmenistan, 93, 125, 131, 138, 141, 143, 146, 204; China and, 149, 168; and Commonwealth of Independent States, 114; Iran and, 95, 144, 145, 150; in Persian Empire, 137; Ukraine and, 139, 147
U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, 28, 171, 175, 177
Ukraine, 9, 41, 46, 47, 51, 52, 59, 72, 85, 86, 95–97, 99, 104, 112–14, 122, 196, 203; in Commonwealth of Independent States, 88, 92–93, 113; and Eurasian Balkans, 136, 139, 147, 149; and expansion of NATO and EU, 82, 84, 121; famine in, 91; Germany and, 37, 69, 70
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, see Soviet Union
United Nations, 66n, 215; Security Council, 62, 175, 178
Uzbekistan, 48, 95, 121, 125, 130–32, 140–41, 143, 146, 149, 196, 203; China and, 168; in Commonwealth of Independent States, 113, 114, 144–45, 147; in Persian Empire, 137; Ukraine and, 139, 147
Versailles Treaty, 86
Vietnam, 13, 63, 154, 169
Warsaw Pact, 92, 100
Weimar Triangle, 70, 78
Western European Armaments Group (WEAG), 77
Western European Union (WEU), 50, 77
Wilson, Woodrow, 4
World Bank, 27, 28, 66n, 164n
World Court, 29
World Trade Organization (WTO), 28
World War I, 4–5, 90
World War II, 61, 68, 69; end of European era in world politics during, 5; Japan in, 173–75; public support for American involvement in, 25, 211; Soviet Union in, 90, 91
Yalta Conference, 86
Yang Baijang, 173n
Yeltsin, Boris, 23, 97, 99, 102, 104n, 107, 111, 113, 115, 116, 120
Yongchaiyudh, Chavalit, 168n
Yoshida, Shigeru, 178
Yugoslavia, 53
Zyuganov, Gennadii, 111
Notes
1
Donald Puchala. “The History of the Future of International Relations,” Ethics and International Affairs 8 (1994):183.
2
From his paper “Creating Liberal Order: The Origins and Persistence of the Postwar Western Settlement,” University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, November 1995.
1
Samuel P. Huntington. “Why International Primacy Matters,” International Security (Spring 1993):83.
2
Roy Denman, Missed Chances (London: Cassell, 1996).
3
In Robert Skidelsky’s contribution on “Great Britain and the New Europe,” in From the Atlantic to the Urals, ed. David P. Calleo and Philip H. Gordon (Arlington, Va.: 1992), p. 145.
4
A. Bogaturov and V. Kremenyuk (both senior scholars in the Institute of the United States and Canada), in “Current Relations and Prospects for Interaction Between Russia and the United States,” Nezavisimaya Gazeta, June 28, 1996.
1
For example, as a percentage of overall budget, Germany accounts for EU: 28.5 percent; NATO: 22.8 percent; UN 8.93 percent, in addition to being the largest shareholder in the World Bank and the EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development).
2
As quoted by Le Nouvel Observateur, August 12, 1996.
3
Cf. his History of Europe, from the Pyrenean Peace to the Death of Louis XIV.
4
Politiken Sondag, August 2, 1996, italics added.
5
It is noteworthy that influential voices both in Finland and in Sweden have began to discuss the possibility of association with NATO. In May 1996, the commander of the Finnish Defense Forces was reported by the Swedish media to have raised the possibility of some NATO deployments on Nordic soil, and in August 1996, the Swedish Parliament’s Defense Committee, in an action symptomatic of a gradual drift toward closer security cooperation with NATO, recommended that Sweden join the Western European Armaments Group (WEAG) to which only NATO members belong.
1
In “Our Security Predicament,” Foreign Policy 88 (Fall 1992):60.
2
Aleksandr Prokhanov. “Tragedy of Centralism,” Literaturnaya Rossiya, January 1990, pp. 4–5.
3
Interview in Rossiyskaya Gazeta, January 12, 1992.
4
A. Bogaturov and V. Kremenyuk (both senior scholars in the Institute of the United States and Canada), in “The Americans Themselves Will
