cent.), 212 , 439 , 464 adjectives, 162 , 163 , 264
Adriatic Sea, 751
Advancement of Learning, The ( Francis Bacon), 542
Aegospotami, 81
Ãemilia, 336
Ãeneas, 361
Aenesidemus, Greek Sceptic philosopher (fl. 1st cent. B.C.), 238
Aeschylus, Greek dramatist ( 525-456 B.C.), 58 , 80 , 208 , 281
aesthetics, 15 , 678 , 819
Aetius of Antioch, Syrian theologian (d. 367), 215
Afghanistan, 219
Africa, 221 , 259 , 297 , 367 , 382 , 538 , 628 ; and Arabs, 275 , 305 , 419 , 420 ; and St. Augustine, 334 , 344 , 348 , 352 ; and monasticism, 376 ,
381 ; and Rome, 268 , 374
after-life, 7 , 21 -23, 89 , 247 , 249 -250, 251 , 259 , 292 -293, 476 , 477 . See also immortality
Against Celsus (Origen), 327 , 328 *, 329 *
Agamemnon, 12 , 342
Agatharcus, Greek geometer and painter (fl. 5th cent. B.C.), 208
Agathon, Athenian tragic poet (fl. late 5th cent. B. C.), 90
Agilulph, King of the Lombards (fl. ca. 599), 384
Agnes of Poitou, mother of Emperor Henry IV, 412 , 413
agnosticism, 703
agriculture, 4 , 6 , 11 , 15 , 321 , 634 , 688 , 728 ; Arab, 422 -423; Greek
and Roman, 8 , 220 , 271 , 272 , 278 ; and monasticism, 376 , 377 , 411
Agrippina, wife of Roman Emperor Claudius ( 15?59), 260
Ahab, King of Israel (reigned ca. 875 -853 B. C.), 309
Ahriman, 476
Ahura Mazda, 476
Aigisthos, 12
Ailly, Pierre d’, French theologian ( 1350-1420), 472 * air, 27 , 28 , 43 , 44 , 54 , 55 , 69 , 206 , 207 , 246 , 254 ; arid Plato, 144 -147 air pump,
532 , 535
Akhnaton. See Ikhnaton
Akra, 316
Alans, 343
Alaric, King of the Goths and Visigoths ( 376 ? 410 ), 334 , 367 , 401 ,
720
Alberic of Tusculum, despot of Rome (d. 925), 411 , 412
Albert, Francis Charles Augustus Emmanuel, Prince of Saxe-
CoburgGotha, Prince Consort of England, 374
Albertus Magnus, St., German scholastic philosopher and scientist
( 1193?-1280), 425 , 451 , 452 , 478
Albigenses, 442 , 446 , 448 , 449 , 451
Albumazar (abu-Ma’shar Ja’far ibn-Muhammad), Arab astronomer
( 803885), 465
alchemy, 34 , 43 , 283 , 323 , 424 , 427 , 463
Alchemy, Child of Greek Philosopby (Hopkins), 283 *
Alcibiades, Athenian general and statesman ( 450?404 B.C.), 90 , 772
Alcuin, English scholar ( 735 -804), 393 , 395
Alexander II, King of Epirus (fl. 3rd cent. B.C.), 222
Alexander II, Pope (reigned 1061-1073), 414
Alexander III, Pope (reigned 1159-1181), 433 *
Alexander VI, Pope (reigned 1492-1503), 498 499, 505 , 506 , 508 , 510
, 511
Alexander the grammarian, 265
Alexander the Great, King of Macedon ( 356 323 B.C.), 211 , 218 -222, 231 , 241 , 252 , 313 , 592 , 739 ; and Aristotle, 160 , 161 , 184 , 194 , 276 ; cities founded by, 226 , 227 ; conquests of, 13 *, 225 , 271 , 279 ; effect of, 101 , 160 -161, 218 , 227 , 273 , 281 , 282 , 476 , 503 ; and
politics, 509 , 598
Alexander the Paphlagonian, Roman impostor (fl. 2nd cent.), 279 -280
Alexander the Platonist, 265
Alexander Severus (Marcus Alexianus Bassianus Aurelius Severus
Alexander), Roman Emperor ( 208 ?- 235 ), 280
Alexandria, 211 , 221 , 226 , 232 , 287 ; and Christianity, 326 , 333 , 368 , 369 , 390 , 392 ; and culture, 61 , 217 , 223 , 283 , 326 ; and Jews, 316 ,
317 , 321
Alfarabi. See Farabi, alAlfred the Great, King of the West Saxons
( 849899), 382 , 403
Algazel. See Ghazzali, alalgebra, 36 , 283 , 423 , 560 , 663 , 664
Algoritmi de numero Indorum (al-Khwarazmi), 423 All (‘All ibn-abi-
Talib), son-in-law of Mahomet ( 600 ?- 661 ), 421
almsgiving, 308 , 314 , 329
alphabet, 10
Alphonso V, King of Aragon, Sicily, and Naples ( 1385-1458), 483 , 499
Altdorf, 581
Amasis II, King of Egypt (reigned ca. 569 -525 B. C.), 30
Ambrose, St., Bishop of Milan ( 340?-397), 334 341, 373 , 517 , 553 , 782 ; and St. Augustine, 306 , 350 , 352 ; and Church and State, 306 , 335 , 344 , 382 , 402 , 413 , 478 ; influences philosophy, 307 ; quoted,
337 , 338 , 339 , 340
America, 193 , 500 , 622 , 636 , 637 , 647 , 648 , 776 ; and Christianity, 285 ; and culture, 74 , 75 , 679 , 719 , 789 ; and Hegel, 730 , 739 ; and liberalism, 599 -600, 643 ; and Locke, 555 , 630 , 631 . See also United
States American philosophy, 811 , 819 , 827
American Revolution, 491 , 646 , 723 , 771
Ammon, 219
Ammonius Saccas, Alexandrian philosopher, founder of Neoplatonism
(fl. 3rd cent.), 287 , 327
amnesia, 797
Amsterdam, 548 , 569
Anabaptists, 363 , 523 , 555 , 597
Anacreon, Greek lyric poet ( 560?-475? B.C.), 30
Anagni, 479 , 480
analysis, 744 , 828 -836
Analytics ( Aristotle), 440
anarchism, 494 , 600 , 761 . See also Russian anarchists anarchy, 555 , 556 -557
Anastasius, called Anastasius Bibliothecarius, librarian of the Vatican
(fl. 9th cent.), 404 anatomy, 544
Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher ( 500?-428 B.C.), 60 , 61 -63, 75 , 204 ; and other philosophers, 64 , 66 , 72 , 87 ; as scientist, 54 , 68 , 213 , 214
, 537
Anaximander of Miletus, Greek astronomer and philosopher ( 611?-
547? B.C.), 26 -28, 44 , 113 , 139 , 212 , 725 ; quoted, 27 , 113
Anaximenes of Miletus, Greek philosopher (fl. before 494 B.C.), 28 , 43
, 63 , 358 ; quoted, 28
Ancient Mariner, The ( Coleridge), 678 , 679 ancient philosophy, 1 -297; pre-Socratics, 3 -81; Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, 82 -217; after
Aristotle, 218 -297; decay begins in, after Democritus 73
Ancients, 513
Ancona, 499
Andalusia, 366
angels, 318 , 358 , 359 , 459
Angelus Silesius ( Johannes Scheffler), German religious poet and
author ( 1624-1677), 756
Angilbert,St., Abbot of St. Riquier ( 740?-841), 393
Angles, 386 , 401
Anglicans, 603
Angus, C. F., 331 †; quoted, 228
animal faith, 203
animism, 537
Annals (Tacitus), 222 â€
Anschauung, 708 , 713
Anselm, St., Italian scholastic philosopher ( 10331109), 306 , 416 -418,
436 , 438 , 466 ; and God, 585 , 586 , 644 , 786 , 835 ; quoted, 418
Anselm of Laon, French theologian (d. 1117), 436
Antalcidas, Peace of, 13 *
Anthony, St., first Christian monk ( 250 ?- 350 ), 375 -376
Antichrist, 361 , 485 , 751 752
Antigonus I, King of Macedonia ( 382-301 B. C.), 221
Antigonus II (Gonatas), King of Macedonia ( 319?-239 B.C.), 222 antinomies, 708 -709
Antioch, 221 , 384 , 390 , 392
Antiochus I, Seleucid King of Syria (reigned 280-261 B.C.), 222 , 227
Antiochus III (the Great), Seleucid King of Syria (reigned 223187 B.C.),
226
Antiochus IV Epiphanes Seleucid King of Syria (reigned 175-163 B.C.),
314 , 315 , 316
Antiochus of Ascalon, Greek philosopher (fl. 1st cent. B.C..), 238
Antiphon, Greek mathematician and philosopher (fl. 5th cent. B.C.) 127 , 211 antiquity: contrasted with mediaeval world, 302 ; and observation, 528 ; and Renaissance, 495 ; late, and religion, 331 ; late, and
subjectivism, 701 anti-Semitism, 187 , 322 , 326 , 329 , 683 , 764
Antisthenes, Greek Cynic philosopher ( 441?-371 B. C.), 230 , 231
antithesis, 732
Antoninus Pius ( Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Arrius Antoninus
Pius), Roman Emperor ( 86 -161), 261
Antonius, Marcus ( Mark Antony), Roman general ( 83-30 B.C.), 321
Anytus, prosecutor of Socrates, 85 , 87 -88
Aphrodite, 56 ; Cyprian, 55
Apocrypha, 314
Apocrypba and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English, The (ed. by Charles), 316 *, 317 *
Apollo, 29 , 225 , 380
Apollonius, Greek mathematician (fl. 3rd cent. B.C.), 216 , 217 , 223
Apollonius of Tyana, Greek Neo-Pythagorean philosopher, (fl. 1st cent.
B.C.), 280 Apology (Plato), 84 -89, 91 , 92 , 224
Apostles, 157 , 437 , 450 , 485
Aquileia, 341
Aquinas, St. Thomas, Italian scholastic philosopher ( 1225?-1274), 37 , 451 , 452 -463, 467 , 525 , 585 , 630 , 694 , 828 ; and Aristotle, 285 , 452 -456, 458 , 461 , 462 , 472 , 478 ; and Descartes, 500 , 567 ; and ethics, 458 -460; and Franciscan philosophers, 463 , 465 -467; and God, 413 , 417 , 426 , 441 , 454 460, 462 , 585 , 835 ; influence of, 301 , 303 , 418 , 452 , 462 -463; and labour theory of value, 635 , 636 ; and Occam, 473 , 475 ; and ontological argument, 454 , 786 , 787 ; and truth, 454 ,
456 , 463 ; and universals, 456 , 458 , 462 , 473 ; quoted, 456 , 623
Aquino, Count of, father of St. Thomas Aquinas, 452
Aquitaine, 411
Arab conquests, 305 , 369 , 419
Arab Empire, 421
Arab mystics, 426
Arab philosophy, 430 , 444 , 453 , 472 , 500
Arabia, 420
Arabian Nights, The, 422
Arabic language, 212 , 323 , 422 , 440 , 443 , 464 , 821
Arabic numerals, 283 , 423
Arabs, 212 , 275 , 283 , 422 , 464 , 465 , 466 , 509
Aragon, 442 , 483 , 499
Aramaic language, 318
Arcadia, 13 , 97 , 276 , 343
Arcesilaus, Greek philosopher ( 316-240? B.C.), 235 , 236
Archelaus, King of Macedonia (?-399 B.C.), 185
Archimedes, Greek mathematician and inventor ( 287 ?-212 B.C.), 204 ,
210 , 214 , 215 , 217 , 223 ; quoted, 215
architecture, 407 , 411 , 486 , 678
“Architecture and the Social System” (Russell), 288
Archytas of Taras, Greek philosopher (fl. 400-365 B.C.), 118
Areopagus, 287 *
Argenteuil, 437
Argonauts, 517
“Arguments Against Belief in a God” (Sextus Empiricus), 238 -239 arguments for God, 585 , 588 -589, 609 , 691 , 709 . See also ontological argument Arianism,
