pains, 776 , 779
Caliban, 516
calendar, 423
California, 622 , 648
Caliphate, 399 , 421 , 422
Calixtus II, Pope (reigned 1119-1124), 431
Callicles, 79
Callinicus, exarch of Italy (fl. ca. 599), 383
Calvin, John, French Protestant reformer ( 1509-1564), 188 , 335 , 365 ,
523 , 528 , 585 , 623 ; quoted, 528
Calvinism, 597 , 621 , 623 , 685 , 688 , 747 , 749
Camaldolese Order, 411
Cambral, 513
Cambridge Ancient History, cited, 13 †, 223 *; quoted, 228
Cambridge Medieval History, cited, 381 *, 393 *, 402 †; quoted, 398
, 401 , 409 , 411 , 422
Cambridge University, 516
Cambyses II, King of Persia (reigned 529-522 B.C.), 30
Campania, 287
Campion, Edmund, English Jesuit martyr ( 15401581), 619
Canada, 688
canon law, 443
Canossa, 415 , 720
Canterbury, 414 , 417 , 440 , 644
Cantor, Georg, German mathematician ( 18451918), 829 -830 Cape
route to India, 496 , 500
capital, 60 , 187 , 323 , 789
capitalism, 260 , 364 , 614 , 633 -634, 636 , 646 , 683 , 781 , 783 , 788 ,
789
captivity of the Jews, 310 , 311 , 312 , 321
Carbonari, 747
Carcassonne, 448
Carlyle, Thomas, Scottish essayist and historian ( 1795-1881), 288 ,
600 , 642 , 728 , 773 , 779 ; quoted, 751
Carnap, 830
Carneades, Greek Sceptic philosopher ( 180?-110? B.C.), 236 , 237 ,
238 , 276 , 357 *, 570
Carolingian renaissance, 393 , 407
Carolingians, 389 , 395 , 407
Cartesianism, 452 , 563 , 564 *, 567 -568, 582 , 588 , 601 , 664 , 668 . See also Descartes
Carthage, 30 *, 53 , 119 , 184 , 220 , 271 , 281 , 344 , 347 , 350 , 419 ;
and Rome, 236 , 272 Carthusians, 411 , 518
Cassius Longinus, Caius, Roman general and conspirator (?-42 B.C.),
470
categorical imperative, 710 -711
Categories, The ( Aristotle), 199 , 419 , 472
category, -ies, 199 -200, 707 , 708
Cathari, 446 -448. See also Albigenses
Catharine of Aragon, wife of Henry VIII of England ( 1485-1536), 518
Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia ( 17291796), 775
Catholic attitude toward
Copernicus, 528 -529
Catholic Church, 74 , 282 , 679 , 689 ; claim for supremacy of, 740 -741; and dictatorships, 622 . See also Church; Western Church
Catholic faith, in Western Empire, 334 , 370 , 374 Catholic orthodoxy,
73 , 517
Catholic philosophy, 299 487, 605 ; and Aquinas, 452 , 463 ; and St. Anselm, 417 -418; and Aristotle, 195 , 452 , 453 ; and St. Augustine, 348 , 352 -353, 366 ; and Boethius, 370 , 371 ; and Dominicans and Franciscans, 451 ; and the Fathers, 308 -387; in 11 th cent., 416 ; and history, 305 -307; and John the Scot, 403 ; and ontological argument, 417 ; and pseudo-Dionysius, 404 ; and St. Peter Damian, 413 ; and the Schoolmen, 388 -487; in 12 th cent., 428 441; in 13 th cent. 441 451;
two periods of, 303
Catholic vote, 332
Catholicism, 685 , 811 -812
Catholics, 617 -618, 690 ; emphasize the Church, 346
Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), Roman general
and patriot ( 234-149 B.C.), 236 -238, 278 , 314 , 357
causal laws in physics, 669
causality, causation, 66 , 658 , 673 -674, 717 ; and Hume, 663 , 664 -671,
702 , 704 , 707 ; and Kant, 715
cause-and-effect, 708
cause(s): and belief, 817 , 826 ; and Aristotle, 169 , 182 ; and Francis Bacon, 543 ; and Newton, 539 ; and Plato, 145 . See also final cause; First Cause; prime causes
cave, Plato’s, 57 , 105 , 124 , 125 -126, 130
Cebes, Greek philosopher (fl. 5th cent. B.C.), 138 , 140
Cecil, Sir William ( Lord Burghley), English statesman ( 1520-1 598 ),
541
Cecrops, 265
celibacy, 134 , 348 , 459 ; of clergy, 112 , 410 , 413 , 415
Celsus, Roman Platonist philosopher and antiChristian writer (fl. 2nd
cent.), 327 -328 censorship, 835
Cephalus, 117
Chalcedon, 116 ; Council of, 333 , 369 , 374
Chaldeans, 227 , 252
Chalons, 367 , 369
Chamber of Deputies ( France), 639
chance, 55 , 58 , 63 , 66 , 254
change(s), 46 , 47 , 61 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 68 ; and Bergson, 804 -806; denied by Eleatics, 805 ; and Heraclitus, 43 , 45 , 48 , 805 ; mathematical conception of, 804 , 805 , 806 ; and Parmenides, 48 , 51 , 52 , 105 ; and Plato, 105 , 143 , 158 -159. See also flux
Chanut, French ambassador at Stockholm (contemporary of Descartes),
560
Charlemagne ( Charles the Great), King of the Franks and Emperor in the West ( 742 -814), 282 , 375 , 382 , 389 , 392 -394, 421 , 429 , 441 , 720 , 738 ; and culture, 307 , 393 , 395 . See also Carolingian renaissance
Charles V, King of Spain and Emperor ( 15001558), 496 , 500 , 505 , 555
, 720
Charles I, King of England ( 1600-1 649 ), 602 , 617 , 618 , 638
Charles II, King of England ( 1630-1685), 547 , 553 , 602 -603, 630
Charles II (the Bald), King of France, and Emperor ( 823-877), 395 , 400
, 402 , 403 , 404
Charles VIII, King of France ( 1470-1498), 496 , 499
Charles Augustus ( Karl August), Duke of SaxeWeimar, patron of Goethe
( 1758-1815), 720
Charles Martel, Frankish ruler, grandfather of Charlemagne ( 690?741),
390 , 394
Charles, R. H., cited, 316 *, 317 *; quoted, 319 -320
Charlotte, Queen of Prussia (contemporary of Leibniz), 583 , 590
Charmides ( Plato), 91
Chartres, 439 , 440
chastity, 378 , 410 , 757
checks and balances, 508 , 509 , 555 , 637 -640
cheerfulness, 45 , 72
Chelsea, 518
chemistry, 34 , 43 , 47 , 68 , 283 , 427 , 536 , 669 , 719
Cherokee Chief, 748
Chetiim, 221
Chicago, 819
Childe Harold, 748
China, 4 , 222 , 282 , 422 , 538 , 578 , 621 , 735 , 820 , 827 ; classics of, 435 ; and Greece, 13 , 220 ; Nestorianism in, 368 ; in 600 1000, 399 , 400
Chios, 26
Chosen People, 308 , 311 , 324
Christ, 223 , 280 , 325 , 328 , 339 , 342 , 343 , 350 , 358 , 385 , 391 , 444 , 448 , 470 , 504 , 515 ; and Aristotle, 451 ; death of, 132 *, 359 ; and ethics, 118 , 579 ; “Imitation of,” 828 ; and Jews, 313 , 315 , 316 , 318 , 319 , 320 , 322 , 326 ; nature of, 327 , 367 -369, 460 -461; and Nazis, 364 ; and the Pope, 440 ; and poverty, 344 -450, 485 , 521 ; and sin, 319 ; soul of, 475 *; as Word or Logos, 37 , 289 . See also Jesus; Messiah
Christian doctrine, 132 , 254
Christian dogma(s), 178 , 461 , 811 -812 Christian ethics, 92 , 175 , 177 ,
178 , 183 , 562 , 768
Christian Fathers, 292 , 318 , 322
Christian God, 144 . See also God
Christian martyr, 89
Christian moralists, 179
Christian philosophy: and belief, 328 ; Aristotle accorded supremacy in, 195 ; development of, 477 -478; dualism of, 567 ; Platonic till thirteenth century, 104 , 418 . See also Catholic philosophy
Christian Providence, 168
Christian republic, within Roman Empire, 330
Christian theology: absorbs 16 th cent., 525 ; and Aquinas, 417 , 460 , 473 475; and arguments for God, 585 ; and Francis Bacon, 542 ; and Boethius, 370 ; and creation, 27 , 295 ; develops with Hellenization, 326 ; and Doctors of the Church, 327 , 335 , 364 ,
417 ; early disputes in, 332 ; and Emperor, in 6th cent., 370 ; and evil, 148 ; and German idealists, 704 ; of Gospels, 526 ; and Gregory VII, 416 ; has two parts, 346 ; and heliocentric theory, 526 ; and Irish culture, 402 ; of Jesuits, 524 ; and John the Scot, 403 , 405 , 406 ; and Lanfranc, 417 ; and mathematics, 37 ; modern, 45 , 292 ; and mystery religions, 14 , 16 , 331 ; and Occam, 472 , 473 -475; and papal revenues, 502 ; and St. Peter Damian, 413 ; and Plato, 16 , 104 , 132 , 284 -285, 478 ; and Plotinus, 285 , 295 -296; political importance of, after Constantine, 333 ; and Protestants, 516 , 523 ;and Renaissance,
239 , 502 ; and self, 663 ; and science, 537
Christianity, 285 , 292 , 382 , 815 ; and Aristotle, 169 , 206 ; growth and triumph of, 79 , 223 , 239 , 279 , 284 , 524 -534; and Jews, 308 309, 316 , 318 , 321 , 322 , 363 , 448 , 477 ; and French Revolution, 765 ; and immortality, 89 , 172 , 229 , 250 -251; and individual, self, or ego, 230 , 297 , 598 , 684 ; and Ireland, 366 , 401 , 406 ; and Marx, 364 , 782 ; and Mohammedans, 283 , 420 ; and Nietzsche, 760 , 764 -768, 771 ; and other religions, 5 , 134 , 207 , 249 , 280 -281, 308 , 351 , 477 -478; and Plato, 101 , 130 , 132 , 134 , 284 -285, 297 , 308 ; and Plotinus, 284 -285, 294 *, 296 , 297 ; popular character of, 177 , 330 , 770 ; and Roman Empire, 61 , 218 , 270 , 275 , 281 , 308 , 399 ; and Schopenhauer, 753 758; and Stoicism, 257 , 159 , 260 , 261 , 264 , 265
, 268 , 270
Christina, Queen of Sweden ( 1626-1689), 560
Chrysippus, Greek Stoic philosopher ( 280-207 B.C.), 257 , 258 ;
quoted, 257
Chrysostom, St. John, Greek father of the
