Empire, 334 , 335 , 386
Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer ( 315 ? 230 ? B.C.), 131 , 214
-216, 222 , 223 , 257 , 259 , 526 , 528 , 531
Aristarchus of Samos, the
Ancient Copernicus (Heath), 214 *
Aristodemus, 90 , 98
Aristophanes, Greek comic dramatist ( 448?-380 B. C.), 59 , 80 , 82 , 86
, 116
Aristotle (the Stagirite), Greek philosopher ( 384- 322 B.C.), 19 , 211 , 260 , 370 , 428 ; and Alexander, 160 161, 184 -185, 276 ; and
Anaximander, 27 , 212 ; and ancient philosophy, 25 , 31 *, 45 , 63 , 213 , 218 , 232 , 234 , 236 , 264 , 288 ; and Aquinas, 285 , 303 , 452 456, 458 , 461 , 462 ; and astronomy, 131 , 181 , 207 , 212 , 529 , 530 ; and Avertoes, 425 , 426 ; and Francis Bacon, 543 , 544 ; and Catholic philosophy, 195 , 348 , 358 , 440 , 452 , 466 ; cheerful and optimistic, 21 , 167 , 182 , 229 , 232 ; and Democritus, 65 , 66 ; and Empedocles, 55 , 58 ; ethics of, 172 -184; and God, 167 , 168 -169, 172 , 180 , 192 , 353 , 455 , 456 , 462 , 585 , 586 ; on the Greeks, 186 , 192 -193, 219 -220; harm done by, 73 ; and Hobbes, 547 , 552 , 555 ; and individualism, 598 ; influence of, 101 , 159 , 184 , 195 , 202 , 207 , 476 , 599 ; knowledge of, 283 , 323 , 418 -419, 440 , 478 ; on Leucippus, 64 , 68 ; logic of, 160 , 195 -202, 424 , 493 , 591 ; metaphysics of, 159 -172, 182 , 198 , 201
-202; and moderrs philosophy, 513 , 535 , 558 , 582 , 607 , 692 , 734 , 761 , 786 ; and Mohammedans, 283 , 423 , 424 , 427 , 428 ; physics of, 203 -207; and Plato, 61 , 104 , 160 , 161 , 177 , 180 , 183 , 188 -189, 195 , 218 ,
283 ; and Platonic theory of ideas, 128 , 162 , 166 ; and politics, 176
-178, 184 -195, 276 , 509 , 785 ; and Renaissance, 195 , 500 , 501 , 516 , 525 ; and scholastic philosophy, 405 -406, 418 , 429 , 430 , 435 , 438 , 440 , 451 , 464 465, 468 , 472 , 484 , 493 ;and science, 73 , 159 , 537 , 538 , 828 ; and soul, 165 , 168 -173, 286 , 293 , 458 , 562 , 568 ; on Sparta, 96 , 97 , 99 -100; and universals, 162 -164, 166 , 458 , 786 ;cited, 161 *, 178 *, 180 , 186 -190, 192 , 193 , 212 *; quoted, 68 , 69 -70, 99 , 163 , 168 , 170 , 171 -172, 174 -176, 178 -181, 185 -187, 189 -192, 200 ,
205
Aristotle (Zeller), 166 * arithmetic, 3 *, 36 , 37 , 198 , 563 , 663 -664, 714 , 830 ; and the Greeks, 31 *, 35 , 36 , 131 , 132 , 145 , 146 , 155 , 210 , 213 , 291 Arius, Greek ecclesiastic of Alexandria, founder of Arianism ( 280 ?- 336 ), 333 army, -ies: of Macedonia, 219 , 222 , 224 ;
of Rome, 274 , 275 , 279 , 280 , 284 , 332 , 344
Arnauld, Antoine, French philosopher and Jansenist ( 1612-1694), 582 ,
585 , 592 , 593 ; quoted, 591
Arnold, Matthew, English poet and critic ( 18221888), 53
Arnold, Thomas, English educator ( 1795-1842), 94 * Arnold of Brescia,
Italian political reformer ( 1100?-1155), 432 , 441
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), Greek historian ( 100?-170?), 264 arrow, 804 -806
Artemis, 5 , 6 *, 7 , 12 , 369
Arthur, King of the Britons (fl. 6th cent.?), 441 As You Like It
( Shakespeare), 676
asceticism, 303 , 359 , 376 , 377 , 476 , 487 , 756 , 777 ; in ancient
world, 16 , 19 , 21 , 42 , 134 -135, 231
Asclepius, 142
Asia, 143 , 226 , 271 , 333 , 446 , 538 , 618 , 679 ; and
Alexander, 221 -223; and culture, 400 ; religions of, 5 , 37 , 281 , 757
Asia Minor, 24 , 59 , 226 , 241 ; and Greeks, 8 , 12 , 79 , 99 , 101 , 218 ,
223 ; and Persia, 13 *, 58 ; religions of, 5 , 6
Asoka the Great, King of Magadha, apostle of
Buddhism ( 264-228 B.C.), quoted, 222
Aspasia of Miletus, mistress of Pericles ( 470?410 B.C.), 61 , 75
Assassins, 423
association of ideas, 774 , 833 association and habit, 669
Assur-bani-pal, King of Assyria ( 686-626 B.C.), 227
Assyrians, 309 , 310
astrology, 5 , 34 , 323 , 428 , 687 ; and Arabs, 283 , 424 ; and St. Augustine, 348 , 357 ; and Greek philosophy, 227 , 238 , 247 , 257 , 259
, 296 ; in Renaissance, 495 , 502 ; and scholastic philosophy, 459 , 465
astronomy, 34 , 47 , 318 , 349 , 465 , 563 , 687 , 827 , 833 -834; and ancient philosophy, 25 , 54 , 131 , 148 , 168 , 181 , 208 , 212 -217, 259 , 528 , 530 ; and Copernicus, 526 , 528 , 529 ; and Galileo, 531 ; and mathematics, 131 -132, 212 ; and modern philosophy, 525 , 535 , 536 , 557 , 716 ; and Mohammedans, 423 , 424 , 427 ; Ptolemaic, 195 , 516 ate, 12 Athanasius, St., Greek Father of the Church ( 297?-373), 333 ,
376
atheism, 63 , 87 , 548 , 569 , 642 , 789
Athelhard. See Adelhard
Athelney, 403
Athena, 264
Athens, 115 , 119 , 136 , 264 , 287 *, 343 , 401 , 687 , 769 ; in age of Pericles, 138 , 194 , 264 -265; and culture, 10 , 22 , 58 -61, 62 , 79 , 109 , 161 , 282 ; democracy in, 74 , 83 , 88 , 115 , 190 ; in 5 th cent., 79 -81; St. Paul in, 403 ; philosophers in, 61 , 63 , 65 , 160 , 161 , 235 , 240 , 141 , 253 , 158 , 276 , 373 ; Protagoras in, 65 , 76 , 77 ; and religion, 14 , 19 , 22 ; and Rome, 236 , 237 ; and Socrates, 82 , 133 , 194 ; and Sparta,
13 *, 94 , 98 , 99 , 103 , 105 , 230
Atlantic Ocean, 258 , 705 , 723 , 817
Atlantis, 143
atom(s), 35 , 47 , 65 -66, 67 , 71 , 72 , 147 , 246 ; and quantum theory,
833
atomic theory, 68 , 165
atomism, 28 , 64 -73, 287 , 436 , 727 , 785
Atreus, 12
Attica, 13 , 59 , 60 , 80 , 241
Attila, King of the Huns ( 406 ?- 453 ), 367 , 369 , 375 , 401
Augusta (Leigh), Byron’s half sister, 749
Augusta Treverorum, 335
Augustine, St., Bishop of Hippo ( 354 -430), 37 , 271 , 318 , 336 , 344 -352, 406 *, 414 , 440 , 692 , 749 ; and St. Ambrose, 340 , 344 , 350 , 352 ; and Aquinas, 358 , 453 , 460 , 472 ; and Church and State, 303 , 329 , 344 , 362 -363, 740 ; and City of God, 265 , 303 , 355 -364, 495 ;
and Descartes, 564 , 567 ; in England, 386 -387; and Erasmus, 513 , 517 ; and Franciscan philosophers, 466 , 471 ; and God, 353 , 358 ; and St. Jerome, 341 , 360 ; and Luther, 335 , 517 ; and Manichæism, 325 , 344 , 348 -350, 351 , 352 ; and monasticism, 376 ; and Occam, 473 , 474 ; and original sin, 364 -366, 458 ; and Pelagian controversy, 364 -366, 403 ; and philosophy, 301 , 303 , 340 , 352 366, 418 , 430 , 478 , 757 ; and Plato, 285 , 351 , 353 , 357 , 358 , 453 , 486 ; and politics, 306 , 344 ; and Reformation, 335 , 346 , 363 , 523 , 524 ; and Renaissance, 498 ; and sin, 345 -348; and subjectivism, 355 , 701 ; and theology, 335 , 346 , 364 , 524 ; and time, 353 -355; quoted, 345 , 347 -351, 354 , 356 -359,
361 , 362
Augustus ( Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), first Roman Emperor ( 63
B.C.A.D. 14), 248 , 251 , 271 -274, 321 , 509
Austen, Jane, English novelist ( 1775-1817), 679
Austria, 621 , 738 “Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints” ( Milton),
448
Averroes (or Ibn Rushd), Spanish-Arabian philosopher and physician ( 1226-1198), 169 , 424 , 425 -427, 453 , 458 , 464 , 465 , 473 , 475 ,
542 axioms, 36 , 39 , 210
Avicenna (or Ibn Sina), Arab physician and philosopher ( 980-1037),
424 -425, 426 , 427 , 464 , 465 , 466 , 472 , 473 ; quoted, 425
Avignon, 304 , 468 , 469 , 480 , 482 , 483
Babylon, 5 , 184 , 310 -312, 321
Babylonia, 3 *, 4 -6, 9 , 25 , 212
