427 , 453 , 461 , 466 , 483 , 513
Parliament, 443 , 518 , 541 , 635 ; conflict between king and, 547 , 551 , 555 , 601 -603, 604 , 638 ; and Hobbes, 547 , 548 , 551 , 555 ; and Locke, 604 , 637 , 638 , 639 . See also Commons; Long Parliament; Lords
Parma, 395
Parmenides of Elea, Greek philosopher (fl. 5th cent. B.C.), 48 -52, 63 , 68 , 70 , 92 , 233 , 476 , 758 ; on change, 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 69 70 ; and Hegel, 48 , 731 , 732 , 742 ; and logic, 32 , 48 , 52 , 595 ; and meaning, 49 -52; monism of, 65 , 114 ; and Plato, 48 , 105 , 119 -120, 121 , 149 , 152 , 786 ; and other philosophers, 32 , 53 , 56 , 58 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 68 , 71 , 288 ,
571 ; and theory of ideas, 127 128, 129 ; quoted, 49
Parmenides ( Plato), 92 , 127 -129, 162 , 235
Parsifal ( Wagner), 760
Parsons (or Persons), Robert, English Jesuit missionary and political diplomat ( 1546-1610), 618 -619
Parthenon, 59
Parthians, 221
particulars, 127 , 128 -129, 164 , 198 , 405 , 456 , 457 . See also singulars; universals
Pascal, Blaise, French scientist and philosopher ( 1623-1662), 524 , 691 *,
766 , 768
Paschal II, Pope (reigned 1099-1118), 430 -431
Passion, 132 , 325
passion(s), 16 , 19 , 21 , 91 , 255 , 549 -550, 572 , 573 , 575 , 684 ; and
romanticism, 677 , 681
Passover, 477
Patarine movement, 413 414, 431 , 433
patria potestas, 278
Patriarchs: or The Natural Power of Kings ( Filmer), 617 -620
Patrick, St., apostle and patron saint of Ireland ( 389?-461?), 366 , 376 ,
386 , 401
Paul, St. (Saul of Tarsus), apostle to the gentiles ( 10?-64?), 132 , 260 , 303 , 324 , 326 , 341 , 369 , 378 , 390 , 391 , 398 , 448 , 765 ; and St. Augustine, 351 , 362 , 363 , 365 ; and Dionysius the Areopagite, 403 , 404 , 406 ; and election, 362 , 363 , 365 ; Epistles of, 363 ; and Judaism, 317
319 ; quoted, 139 , 326 , 410
Paula, convert of St. Jerome, 341 -342
Paulicians, 448
Pausanias, Spartan warrior and ruler (fl. ca. 479 B.C.),
Pavia, 373 , 417
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, Russian physiologist ( 1849-1936), 774
Pearl Harbor, 622 peasants, 634 , 636 , 647 , 728 , 747
Peasants’ Revolt, 485
Peasants’ War, 738
Peirce, Charles Sanders, American physicist, mathematician, and logician (
1839-1914), 816 ; quoted, 824
Peisistratus, tyrant of Athens (reigned ca. 560527 B.C.), 10 , 60 , 508
Pelagianism, 352 , 364 -366, 400 , 438 , 467 , 757
Pelagius (Morgan), British monk and theologian ( 360 ?- 420 ?), 341 , 402
, 403
Pelagius II, Pope (reigned 579-590), 381
Peloponnesian War, 59 , 61 , 75 , 8 o, 83 , 105
Peloponnesus, 63 , 94 , 99
Pelops, House of, 12
Pentateuch, 322 , 428
Pepin, King of the Franks (reigned 752-768), 390 394, 498 , 553
perception, 72 , 233 , 474 , 546 , 610 , 657 , 755 , 783 ; and Bergson, 797 , 808 , 809 ; and Berkeley, 647 , 648 -649; and Hume, 660 ,
662 -663, 668 ; and Kant, 712 -718; and Leibniz, 583 , 584 , 596 ; and physics, 716 -717, 833 ; and Plato, 105 , 124 , 125 , 134 , 149 -159, 358 , 546 ; and Stoics, 258 , 269 . See also sense
Pericles, Athenian statesman ( 495?-430 B.C.), 58 62, 75 , 80 , 138 , 194 ,
264 , 282 , 769
perioeci, 95 , 97
Peripatetics, 277
Perpetual Peace ( Kant), 712
Persae ( Aeschylus), 58
Persephone, 17
Persia, 13 , 30 , 53 , 58 , 64 , 98 , 184 , 222 , 310 , 313 , 402 ; and Alexander, 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 279 ; and Arabs, 422 , 423 -425, 427 ; and Athens, 79 , 99 , 373 ; culture of, 423 , 424 ; dualism of, and Christianity, 476 , 477 ; and Miletus, 28 , 29 ; and Mohammedans, 419 , 420 , 423 ; priestly caste in, 408 , 476 ; religions of, 227 , 280 -281, 421 ;
and Rome, 280 -281, 287
Persian wars, 14 , 58 , 59 , 79 -80
Peru, 4 , 620
pessimism, 229 , 753 , 756 , 758 , 759
Petelia tablet, 18
Peter, St., apostle (?-64?), 157 , 324 , 384 , 390 , 391 , 414 , 440 , 446 , 499 , 515 ; St. Augustine and St. Jerome on, 541 , 361 ; Chair of, 387 ; See of,
392
Peter III, King of Aragon ( 1239?-1285), 499
Petition of Right, 547
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca), Italian poet ( 1304-1374), 481 , 482 , 495 ,
501
Pfleiderer, Edmund, German philosopher ( 28421902), 42
Phaedo (or Phaedon), Greek philosopher (fl. early 4th cent. B.C.), 132 , 142
Phaedo ( Plato), 89 , 92 -93, 132 -142, 288 , 441 , 574
Phaedrus ( Plato), 62
Pharaohs, 219
Pharisees, 315 *, 318 , 319 , 320 , 321
Pheidias, Greek sculptor ( 490?-432 B.C.), 59 , 62 , 75 , 80 , 264
Phenomenology of Mind ( Hegel), 730
phenomenon, 713
Philadelphia, 21
Philhellenes, 281
Philip II, King of Macedon ( 382-336 B.C.), 160 , 218 , 219 , 221 , 273
Philip II, King of Spain ( 1527-1598), 555
Philip IV (the Fair), King of France ( 12681314), 480
Philippi, 274
Philo Judaeus, Jewish Hellenistic philosopher ( 20? B.C.-54? A.D.), 322 ,
326
Philolaus of Thebes, Greek Pythagorean philosopher (fl. late 5th cent.
B.C.), 213
Philonous, 649 -652, 654
philosopher(s), 13 , 14 , 16 , 22 , 26 , 53 , 132 , 185 , 203 , 357 ; Aristotle on, 181 , 183 ; and class interests, 187 , 188 ; and individual circumstances, 261 ; modern, and deduction, 199 ; modern, and ethics, 178 ; Plato on, 108 , 115 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 122 -123; and political and social developments, 596 -597; Pythagoras on, 33 , 118 ; Socrates on, 87 , 135 , 141 ; sympathy
toward, 39 and time, 47
philosopher’s stone, 43
philosophes, 251 , 605 , 641 , 660 , 689 , 765
Philosophes Géomètres de la Grèce, Les ( Mihaud), 68 *
Philosophical Radicals, 641 , 677 , 719 , 723 -724, 726 , 773 , 776 , 780 -782
philosophy, -ies: and Arabs, 283 ; and Aristotle, 159 , 200 , 202 ; in Athens, 59 -60, 61 , 80 ; begins with Thales, 3 , 24 ; classification of, 791 792; consists of two parts, 787 , 834 ; contemplative ideal in, 34 ; cosmopolitan point of view m, 220 ; and dark ages, 303 ; and early Christianity, 308 ; hunger and, 747 ; invented by Greeks, 3 ; among Jews and Mohammedans in Middle Ages, 323 ; lacked by opposition to Church in Middle Ages, 302 ; of logical analysis, 828 -836; and Marx, 784 , 785 ; and mathematics, 29 , 36 , 37 ; mind and matter in, 134 ; open questions in, 128 ; and Plato, 78
-79, 93 ; of power, 494 ; religious, 19 , 29 , 37 ; and Renaissance, 500 ; and 17th-cent, science, 536 -539; and social circumstances, 261 ; standard of judgment of, 285 -286; and substance, 52 ; as way of life, 24 , 78 , 836 . See also ancient philosophy; Catholic philosophy; modern philosophy
Philosophy of History ( Hegel), 735 -740
Philosophy of Law ( Hegel), 739 -742
Phocaea, 226
Phocas, Roman Emperor in the East (reigned 602610), 385 -386
Phoenician language, 238
Phoenicians, 8 , 9 , 10 , 220 , 253 , 280
Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople ( 820 ?- 891 ), 396
phusis, 204 -205
physical law, 658
physicalist interpretation, 655
physico-theological argument, 585 , 709
physics, 606 , 657 , 687 , 715 , 716 ; and Aristotle, 203 207, 516 ; causal laws in, 669 ; and Descartes, 563 , 566 , 568 ; and Greek philosophers, 35 , 47 , 224 , 253 , 258 , 537 ; and Newton, 537 ; and perception, 596 , 716
-717, 833 ; and
philosophy of logical analysis, 832 -834; in 17th cent., 557 ; and substance,
52 , 662 ; and modern science, 70 -71, 525 , 539 , 727
Physics ( Aristotle), 69 -70, 203 -206
physiology, 669 , 774 , 803 , 833
physis. See phusis
Piedmont, 448
Pietro delia Vigna, Italian statesman ( 1190?-1249), 445 , 446
Pilate, Pontius, Procurator of Judea (appointed 26 ), 321
Pillars of Hercules, 143
Piltdown Man, 726
Pisa, 433 , 443 , 483
Pithecanthropus erectus, 726
place, 200 , 663 , 668
Plague, 548
planets, 475 , 539 , 563 , 705 ; ancient views about, 47 , 131 , 144 , 207 ,
212 , 213 , 214 , 537 ; and Kepler, 211 , 534 , 535 ; and Tycho Brahe, 529
Plataea, 13 , 98 , 99
Plato, Greek philosopher (428-7-348-7 B.C.), 19 , 84 , 220 , 235 , 281 , 516 , 689 , 786 , 792 ; and after-life, 249 -250; and ancient philosophers, 55 , 58 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 77 , 230 , 244 , 257 , 259 , 264 -265; and Aquinas, 453 , 456 , 463 ; and Arabs, 423 , 424 ; and Aristotle, 61 , 73 , 160 -163, 165 , 166 , 169 , 172 -173, 188 , 195 , 218 ; and astronomy, 214 , 530 ; and Athens, 59 , 60 , 61 , 79 ; and Boethius, 370 , 371 ; and cave, 57 ;
