697 ; and Plato, 111 , 112 , 173 ; and Rousseau, 688 , 697
Prophet, 282 , 420 , 421 , 422 . See also Mahomet
Prophetic Books ( Blake), 318
prophets, 310 -312, 313 317, 322 , 325 , 326 , 328 , 331 , 342
proportion, 210 , 211 , 663
Protagoras, Greek Sophist philosopher ( 500?411 B.C.), 65 , 73 -81, 119 , 224 , 297 , 355 ; on knowledge and perception, 149 , 150 , 151 , 233 ; on
man, 151 , 157 , 158 ; and subjectivism, 233 ; quoted, 77 , 149
Protagoras ( Plato), 59 -60, 77
Protestant(s), -ism, 332 500 , 516 , 524 , 559 , 620 , 701 702, 730 , 811 -812; and St. Augustine, 335 , 345 , 363 ; and Erasmus, 512 , 517 ; in Germany, 720 -721, 738 ; and God, 585 , 691 ; and individualism, 523 , 398 ; and interest, 187 188; and liberalism, 597 ; and private judgement,
470 -471; and prudence, 614 ; and right of subjects to resist, 617 -618; and romanticism, 679 ; and Rousseau, 685 , 686 , 690 , 691 ; and science, 528 -529, 534 ; and soul, 346 ; and State, 560 , 739 740, 742 ; and Vulgate,
514 ; and Wycliffe, 486
protons, 47
protozoa, 536
Provence, 397 , 428
prudence, 15 -16, 244 , 248 , 614 , 616 , 677 , 778
Prussia, 278 , 590 , 634 , 701 , 720 -721, 730 , 735 , 738 , 740 , 753
Psalms, quoted, 528
pseudo-Dionysius, unknown author falsely identified with Dionysius the
Areopagite (fl. ca. 500 ), 403 -404, 406 , 407 , 418 , 466
psychology, 52 , 549 , 570 , 572 -573, 633 , 680 -681, 779 , 833 ; and Bentham, 774 , 778 ; and causality, 666 -667, 669 ; and Hume, 662 , 666
-667; and James, 811 ; and substance, 52 , 662
Ptolemaic astronomy, 195 , 216 , 528
Ptolemies, kings of Egypt ( 323-30 B.C.), 223 , 313 , 682
Ptolemy I (Soter), King of Egypt ( 367?-283 B.C.), 221 , 269
Ptolemy II (Philadelphus), King of Egypt ( 309 -246 B.C.), 222 , 361
Ptolemy, Claudius, GrecoEgyptian astronomer, geographer, and geometer
(fl. 127 -151), 216 , 516 , 530 , 549
public good, 630 , 631
public interests, 614 , 775 ,. 778
Punic Wars, 249 , 271 , 278 , 279 , 399
Punjab, 218 , 222
Pure Being, 733 , 735
pure heart, 92
pure reason, 709 , 787
purification, 17 , 21 , 33 , 43 , 91 , 137 , 138
Puritan(s), -ism, 89 , 120 , 340 *, 434 , 481 , 498 , 555 , 624
purgatory, 408 , 502 , 514 , 523
purpose, 55 , 58 , 67 , 72 , 148 , 538 ; and Aristotle, 73 , 182 , 186 , 205
pramids, 4 , 139 , 192 , 208
Pyrrho, Greek philosopher ( 367?-275 B.C.), 233 -235
Pythagoras, Greek philosopher and mathema-
tician (fl. 540-510 B.C.), 28 , 29 -37, 39 -40, 48 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 63 , 289 , 370 ; and astronomy, 213 , 530 ; and Heraclitus, 39 -40, 41 ; influence of, 37 , 476 ; and mathematics, 48 , 209 , 820 , 828 , 831 ; and mysticism, 19 , 40 ; and Nietzsche, 761 ; and Plato, 105 , 118 , 120 , 126 ; and soul, 141 , 170 ; quoted, 32 , 35 . See also Neo-Pythagoreanism; Pythagorean (s)
Pythagorean order, 31 32, 147
Pythagorean theorem, 35 , 209
Pythagorean (s), -ism, 40 , 63 , 131 , 143 , 828 -829; and astronomy, 131 , 213 , 214 , 526 , 529 ; and mathematics, 137 , 147 , 209 , 210 ; and Plato, 106 , 144 , 159 ; and Plotinus, 287 ; and politics, 224 , 229 , 230 ; and soul,
200
Pythocles, disciple of Epicurus, 244
Quadi, 343
Quakers, 363 , 579
quality, 200 , 663 , 708 , 745 746
quantity, 28 , 200 , 708
quantum mechanics, 539 , 540 , 832
quantum physics, 151 *
quantum theory, 70 , 540 , 606 , 669 , 832 -833
race, 682 -683
Radcliffe, Ann Ward, English romantic novelist ( 1764-1823), 679
radio-activity, 47
rainbow, 464 , 465 , 570
Ranke, Leopold von, German historian ( 17951886), 497
rationalism, 547 , 549 , 673 , 719 , 724 , 731 , 782 , 790 ; in Greek world,
15 , 21 , 22 , 28 , 32 , 37 , 40 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 224 ; and science, 42 , 703
Ravenna, 374 , 382 , 383 , 389 , 390
Raymond, archbishop of Toledo (fl. ca. 1240), 440
Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse ( 1156-1222), 442
real and good, the, 136
realism, 162 , 404 , 438 , 467 , 484 , 791 , 797
reality, 67 , 136 , 708 , 808 , 810 , 816 , 821 ; and Hegel, 731 -732, 734 , 743 , 824 ; and Plato, 105 , 106 , 119 120, 125 , 126 , 134 , 166 ; and
Platonic theory of ideas, 122 , 128 , 129
reason, 15 , 37 , 46 , 267 , 289 , 317 , 549 , 691 *, 787 ; and Aquinas, 454 , 460 , 462 ; and Aristotle, 171 , 172 , 173 , 181 ; and Averroes, 426 , 453 ; and Bentham, 776 ; and Bergson, 791 , 794 , 800 ; and Catholic philosophy, 303 -304, 328 , 400 , 403 , 416 , 418 , 435 , 438 , 440 , 542 ; and Hegel, 734 , 736 , 740 , 804 ; and Kant, 705 , 709 , 710 ; and Locke, 607 , 612 , 625 ; and Plato, 124 , 134 , 143 ; and
revolt, 725 , 791 ; and Rousseau, 693 , 703 ; sufficient, law of, 591
recurrence, 255
reflection, 13 , 286
Reflections on Violence ( Sorel), 791
reform, 512 , 645 , 753 ; ecclesiastical, 389 , 407 -419, 431 , 443
Reformation, 304 , 393 , 400 , 510 , 522 -525; and St. Augustine, 335 , 346 , 363 ; economic changes in, 187 -188; and Erasmus, 515 , 517 ; foreshadowed, 434 , 447 , 449 , 469 , 486 ; and Germany, 720 , 738 ; and politics, 555 , 619 ; as reaction to corruption in Church, 499 , 511 ; and
Renaissance, 493 , 499 , 512 , 828 ; and State, 335 , 363 , 739
refugees, 13 , 25 , 53 , 305 , 375 , 402 , 547
refutations, 52 , 203
Regent’s Canal, 681
regular solids, 147 , 148 , 211 , 530
Reichstag fire, 505
Reign of Terror, 705 , 712
relation-words, 164
relational propositions, 150
relativity. See motion; theory of relativity
religion(s), 5 , 15 , 37 , 45 , 117 , 292 , 322 , 477 , 515 516, 677 , 681 ; and ancient philosophy, 22 , 42 , 48 , 56 , 63 , 72 , 78 , 246 , 248 -250, 252 ; and Aquinas, 453 ; and Aristotle. 161 , 169 , 184 ; of the East, 23 , 287 ; and Francis Bacon, 542 ; in Greek world, 6 -7, 10 , 14 , 22 -23, 28 , 62 , 218 , 227 , 252 ; of India, 218 ; in Ionia, 28 , 48 ; of Jews, 308 -323; and John the Scot, 403 ; and Machiavelli, 506 -507; and medieval philosophy, 418 ; Mohammedan, 420 ; and Nietzsche, 760 , 762 ; nonHellenic, in Western Empire, 279 -281, 330 331; and Plato, 105 , 169 , 172 ; and Plotinus, 287 , 477 ; primitive, 11 , 183 ; and Pythagoras, 31 , 34 , 37 , 289 ; and Rousseau,
690 , 693 ; and Socrates, 87 -99, 136 ; wars of, 522 , 524 , 597 , 677
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (Tawney), 187 , 623 *
religious toleration, 420 , 522 , 524 , 597 , 607
reminiscence, 93 , 105 , 139 , 140 , 142 . See also memory
Remus, 331
Renaissance, 101 , 194 , 195 , 239 , 283 , 399 -400, 427
491 , 720 ; and Catholic philosophy, 301 , 328 ; and Church, 391 , 493 , 511 ; disrupts medieval synthesis, 304 ; and geometry, 212 ; and Greeks, 38 ; happiness of, 262 , 305 ; and human pride, 827 -828; and Lucretius, 248 , 250 ; and Nietzsche, 761 ; in north, 512 ; and philosophy, 73 , 475 ; and Plato, 296 , 418 -419, 452 ; and politics, 504 , 535 ; and science, 67 , 516 . See also Carolingian renaissance; Italy
Renaissance in Italy ( Burckhardt), 502 *†, 503 *
Republic ( Plato), 79 , 100 , 105 , 108 -131, 143 , 173 , 249 , 288 , 519 , 598 ; influence of, 120 ; parable of cave in, 124 ; theory of ideas in, 122 ,
130
republicanism, republics, 505 , 508 , 510 , 712 , 723
Restoration: English, 548 , 555 , 602 , 603 , 607 , 630 ; French, 639 ,
679
resurrection, 312 , 319 , 327 , 331 , 356 , 362 , 382 , 447 , 460 , 461
retaliation, 627 , 628
revelation, 23 , 33 , 403 , 426 , 428 , 453 , 542 , 607 , 693 ; and Aquinas,
454 , 460 , 462 , 463
Revelation of St. John the Divine, The, 363
revenge, 303 , 309
revolt, 719 , 747 , 791
revolution(s), 190 -191, 364 ,
