sufficient reason, law of, 592
Sufi sect, 423
suicide, 134 , 356 , 447 , 711 , 756 , 757
Suidger of Bamberg, German bishop and Pope (reigned 1406-1407), 412
Sumerians, 4
Summa contra Gentiles (St. Thomas Aquinas), 453 -461
Summa Theologiae (St. Thomas Aquinas), 453 , 455
sun, 5 , 47 , 207 , 216 , 257 , 530 , 534 , 535 , 539 , 833 834; and Aristarchus, 131 , 214 , 215 ; and Boethius, 371 ; and Brahe, 529 , 530 , 531 ; and Copernicus, 526 , 527 ; and Descartes, 562 ; and St. Francis, 450 ; as god, 204 , 280 , 311 , 537 ; and Greek philosophers, 28 , 54 , 62 , 63 , 71 , 257 , 259 , 289 ; and Gnosticism, 292 ; and Heraclides, 214 ; and Jews, 328 ; and Kepler, 131 , 529 ; and Manichæism, 349 ; and Plotinus, 291 , 296 , 297 ; and Pythagoreans, 213 ; and Socrates, 87 ; worship of,
207 , 529
Sun Goddess, 620
Sunni, 421
superman, 760 , 767 , 768
superstition (s): in antiquity, 10 , 14 , 58 , 73 , 91 , 218 , 220 , 227 , 241 , 279 , 296 ; Boethius free from, 371 , 373 ; in dark ages, 305 , 366 , 375 ;
in Renaissance, 495 , 502 ; and science, 58 , 527
Supremacy, Act of, 518
Supreme, the, 290 , 295
Supreme Court ( U.S.), 555 , 640
surprise, as test of error, 822
Surrey, 468
survival of the fittest, 54 , 205 , 725 , 726 , 780
Sweden, 560
Swedenborg., Emanuel, Swedish scientist, philosopher and religious
writer ( 1688-1772), 679 , 705 , 706
Swift, Jonathan, English satirist ( 1667-1745), 648
Swineshead, English scholastic philosopher (fl. 15th cent.), 472 *
Switzerland, 760
Sybaris, 30
Sydney, Algernon, English republican leader and martyr ( 1622-1683),
722
syllogism(s), 196 , 197 , 198 -199, 202 , 258 , 543 , 544
Sylvester I (St.), Pope (reigned 314-335), 391 392
Sylvester II (Gerbert), Pope (reigned 999-1003), 385 , 388 , 409 , 416
symbols, and mathematics, 155 , 156
Symmachus, Roman court official under Theodoric the Great (fl. ca. 440-
500), 337 , 373
Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, Roman statesman (fl. 4th cent.), 337 , 350
, 373
sympathy, 771
Symposium ( Plato), 80 , 90 , 288
Symposium ( Xenophon), 90 -91
synagogues, 312
syncretism, 326
syndicalism, 791
Synoptic Gospels, 285 , 326
syntax, 154 , 157 , 164 , 830 831
synthesis, 304 . 478 ; and Hegel, 732 . See also mediaeval synthesis
Syracuse, 80 , 106 , 119 , 123 , 191 , 217 , 271 , 383 , 396
Syria, 6 , 9 , 101 , 218 , 223 , 258 , 280 , 341 , 389 , 476 ; heresy in, 333 ; and Mohammedans, 282 , 419 , 420 , 423 ; monasticism in, 375 , 376 ,
377 ; Nestorianism in, 368 , 369 , 420 ; and Stoicism, 25
tabuda rasa, 722
Taeitus, Caius Cornelius, Roman historian ( 55?120? ), 260 , 738 ;
quoted, 222
Tammany, 74
Tammuz, 311
Tang dynasty, 399
Tantalos, 12
Taoists, 232
Taos, 241
Taranto, 118
Taras, 118
Tarn, W. W., 222 ; cited, 252 , 259 †; quoted, 225
Tartars, 538 , 782
Tartessus, 29
Taurobolium, 330
Tawney, R. H., 187 , 623 *, 624 ;. quoted, 635 -636
taxation, 632
technique, 195 , 494 , 727 , 728 , 828
Teheran, 424
teleological argument, 462
teleological explanations, 67 , 106 , 543
teleology, 166 , 167 , 205 , 793
Teles, Cynic philosopher (fl. 3rd cent. B.C.), quoted, 232 , 233
telescope, 534 , 535
temperance, 777
Templars, 480 -481
Temple of Jerusalem, 310 , 311 , 312 , 314 , 321 , 339
temples, 356
Ten Categories ( Aristotle), 348
Ten Commandments, 310 , 321
Terminists, 513
terms, 473 -474
Tertullian ( Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus), Latin Father of the
Church ( 160?-230?), 256 , 318
«Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs» 319 321
Teutamus, 41
Thales of Miletus, Greek philosopher and scientist ( 640?-546 B.C.), 3 , 6
, 24 26, 28 , 43 , 185 , 208 , 212 , 358
Thales to Plato ( Burner), 83 , 85
Theaetetus, Greek mathematician (contemporary of Plato), 147 , 149 ,
150 , 209 , 211
Theaetetus ( Plato), 44 , 77 , 149 -159, 474 , 567 , 610 , 831
Thehaid, 376
Thebes, 99 , 100 , 213
theism, 692 , 789
theocracy, 313 , 363
Theodelinda, wife of King Agilulph, 384
Théodicée ( Leibniz), 583
Theology of Aristotle, The ( Kindi), 423
Theodobert, King of the Franks (fl. ca. 599), 384
Theodora, 374
Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury ( 669-690), 401
Theodoric, King of the Franks (fl. ca. 599), 384
Theodoric the Great, King of the Ostrogoths and of Italy ( 454?-526), 337
, 367 , 369 -370, 373 , 386 , 738
Theodorus, Greek mathematician (fl. 5th cent. B.C.), 209
Theodosius I (the Great —Flavius Theodosius), Roman Emperor
( 346?395), 332 , 334 , 338 , 339 , 340 , 358 , 553
theology, 4 , 34 , 37 , 117 , 130 , 199 ; and Aristotle, 167 ; and Averroists, 453 ; and barbarian elements in Rome, 476 ; and Heraclitus, 42 -43; Orphic, 17 , 23 ; and Plato, 112 -113; and Plotinus, 284 ; and Pythagoras, 37 ; and Stoicism, 252 , 254 , 266 ; and substance, 52 ; and Xenophanes, 40 . See also Christian theology
Theology of Aristotle, The, 423
Theophylact, Roman aristocrat (ft. early 10th cent.), 398
theorem (s), 36 ; Pythagorean, 209
theoretical philosophies, 792
theories and pragmatism, 816
theory, 33
theory of continuity and infinite number, 829
theory of descriptions, 831
theory of duration, 806 808
theory of ideas, 104 -105, 119 -132, 141 , 162 -164, 166 , 253 , 404 , 405 , 417 -419
theory of knowledge, 674 ; and Abélard, 438 ; and Aristotle, 199 ; and Bergson, 808 ; and Descartes, 564 -566; and Dewey, 819 ; errors in, 35 , 197 -198; and Helvétius, 722 ; and Hume, 702 ; and James, 812 ; and Locke, 604 -617, 702 ; and mathematics, 35 , 820 ; in modem philosophy, 493 -494; and Occam, 472 ; and perception, 655 -657; and Plato, 269 ; and pragmatists, 827 ; and Sophists, 73 ; and Stoics, 258 , 269 . See also epistemology; knowledge
theory of memory, 806 808
theory of population, 723 , 724 , 780
theory of relativity, 217 , 468 , 716 , 832 , 833
There, 294 *, 295 , 296
Thermidor, 703
thermometer, 535
Thermopylae, 98 , 99
Theseus, 504
thesis, 732
Thessalonians, 340
II Thessalonians, 362
Thessalonica, 339 , 553
Thessaly, 133 , 343
thing(s), 47 , 468 , 473 , 474 , 571 , 798 , 805 , 808 , 832
things-in-themselves, 707 , 713 , 717 -718, 755
Third ( Ecumenical Council, 368
third man, 128 , 162
thirteenth century, 441 451
Thirty Tyrants, 81 , 83 , 88 , 105
Thirty Years’ War, 524 , 558 , 581 , 720
Thomas, St. See Aquinas Thomas of Celano, Italian monk ( 1200?-
1255?), 450
Thomists, 513
Thoreau, Henry David, American author and philosopher ( 1817-1862),
679
Thrace, 14 , 16 , 23 , 40 , 64 , 160 , 343 , 448
Thrasymachus of Chalcedon, Greek Sophist and rhetorician (fl. ca. 427
B.C.), 79 , 116 , 117 , 118
Three Chapters, heresy of, 374 , 382 , 383
Three Copernican Treatises ( Rosen translation), 526 *
Thucydides, Greek historian ( 471?-400? B.C.), 343 , 547
Thurii, 76 , 119 , 224
Thus Spake Zaratbustra ( Nietzsche), 764
Thyestes, 12
thyrsus-bearers, 138
Tibet, 138
Tieck, Ludwig, German novelist and translator ( 1773-1853), 754
Tigris, 4 , 222
Timaeus, Greek astronomer and philosopher (fl. ca. 400 B.C.), 143 -147
Timaeus ( Plato), 143 -148, 211 , 292 , 370 , 418 , 428 , 529
time, 669 ; and Aristotle, 200 , 206 ; and St. Augustine, 352 , 353 -355, 358 ; and Bergson, 794 , 795 , 796 , 799 , 800 -801, 803 , 809 , 810 ; and Einstein, 71 ; and eternity, 37 , 46 ; and Hegel, 731 , 735 ; and Hume, 663 , 668 ; and John the Scot, 406 ; and Kant, 707 , 708 , 712 -718, 755 , 830 ; and Newton, 540 ; and Parmenides, 47 ; and Plato, 121 , 144 -145, 148 ; and poets, 45 -46; and principle of individuation, 468 ; and quantum theory, 833 ; and Schopenhauer, 757 ; and Spinoza, 573 ; and theology, 130 . See also space; spacetime
Time and Free Will ( Bergson), 796 , 799 , 801
Timon, Greek Sceptic philosopher (d. 235 B.C.), 234 , 235 ; quoted, 234
Timothy, disciple of St. Paul (fl. 1st cent.), 325
I Timothy-: 410 ; cited, 325 *
Titanic fire, 162
Titans, 17
Toledo, 440
Toleration, Act of, 603
Tolstoy, Count Leo Nikolaevich, Russian novelist ( 1828-1910), 230 ,
232 , 344 , 345 , 750
Tophet, 311
Topics ( Aristotle), 440
Torricelli, Evangelista, Italian mathematician and physicist ( 16081647),
535
torture, 267 , 361
totalitarianism, 105 , 622 , 630 , 694 , 699 , 718
totality, 708
touch, 798
Toulouse, 448
tournaments, 303
Tours, 390 , 395 , 419
Tower of London, 479 , 518 , 541 , 547
Tractate on Intellectual Beauty ( Plotinus), 295
Tractatus Foliticus ( Spinoza), 570
Tractatus TbeologicoPoliticus ( Spinoza), 570
trade, 187 , 677
trade unions, 553 , 699 , 724 , 770
traditionalism, 719 , 724 , 776
tragedy, 19 , 58
Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Nerva Trajanus), Roman Emperor ( 52-117), 274 ,
277
transcendental argument, 713 -714, 716
translations, 403 -404, 407 , 428 , 440 -441, 485 . See also Greek language; Latin language; Vulgate
transmigration of souls, 17 , 31 , 40 , 145 , 148 , 170 , 200 , 447 , 756
transubstantiation, 408 , 417 , 468 , 485 , 514 , 554
Treatise of Human Nature ( Hume), 659 -674; «Of Abstract Ideas,» 661
662; «Of Knowledge and Probability,» 663
Treatise on Aristotle’s Categories ( Porphyry), 199 , 472
Treatises on Government ( Locke), 604 , 617 , 621 , 613
Treitschke, Heinrich von, German historian ( 18341896), 721
Trent, Council of, 496 , 524 , 526
Trevelyan, R. C., cited, 248 *, 250 *
Trèves, 335 , 782
triadic movement, 731 , 734
triads, 830
trial by battle, 303
triangles, 35 ,
