Church, 120 , 378 , 600 , 701 702, 728 ; and Aristotle, 101 , 159 , 453 ; and St. Augustine, 301 , 355 , 361 -363, 363 , 495 , 523 , 740 ; and Charlemagne, 393 -394; and conflict of emperor and pope, 469 ; before dark ages, 275 , 369 , 374 , 380 ; in dark ages, 366 , 375 , 388 , 398 ; doctors of, 534 -352; and double truth, 542 ; and Eastern Church, 442 , 478 ; and Eastern Empire, 363 , 390 , 396 ; and feudal aristocracy, 303 -304, 389 ; and Germans, 738 ; government of, 329 -330, 407 ; and Hobbes, 547 , 554 , 570 ; and Immaculate Conception, 466 ; and Incarnation, 367 -368; and individual, 230 , 346 ; and Inquisition, 526 , 534 ; and Machiavelli, 507 , 510 ; and Marx, 364 ; in Middle Ages, 282 , 302 , 306 , 395 , 408 , 411 , 492 , 598 , 619 ; in modern period, 491
-493; and monasticism, 376 ; and philosophy, 306 , 491 , 785 ; power of, 229 , 301 , 395 , 510 ; property of, 187 188, 337 , 390 , 409 , 410 , 430 , 432 , 446 -447, 471 , 623 ; in Renaissance, 301 , 495 , 501 , 502 , 511 ; and sacraments, 461 ; and salvation, 230 , 365 ; and science, 519 , 526 , 559 ; and secular monarchs, 390 -391, 395 -396, 555 ; and State, 306 , 335 , 339 , 362 -363, 388 , 471 , 491 , 554 , 570 , 629 , 699 , 742 ; States of the, 109 , 391 ; universal, 282 ; and Vulgate, 322 . See also bishops; conciliar movement; councils of the Church, Doctors of the Church; Eastern Church; Fathers of the Church; papacy; Pope; schism; Western Church
churches, 24 , 684 , 765 ; national, 529 , 560 ; Protestant, 523 , 702
Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer, British statesman and author,
Prime Minister of England (b. 1874), 685 , 818
Cicero, Marcus Tullius ( Tully), Roman orator and man of letters
( 10643 B.C.), 143 , 194 , 212 , 271 , 342 , 343 , 348 , 349 , 464 , 465 ,
513 ; and Stoics, 216 *, 257 , 258 ; quoted, 245
circle(s), 6 , 210 -211, 530 , 531 , 821
circulation of the blood, 536 , 544 , 561 , 598
circumcision, 312 , 315 , 316 , 317 , 324
Cistercian Order, 411
citizen, 743 , 744
cities, 5 , 262 , 433 , 434 , 446 , 479 , 511 ; Greek, 8 , 13 , 24 , 29 , 50 , 219 , 220 , 262 -263, 429 . See also City State; Greece; Lombard cities
Citium, 253
City of God, The (St. Augustine), 265 , 303 , 329 , 344 , 352 , 355 -364,
495
City State(s), 13 , 218 , 271 , 272 ; and Aristotle, 161 , 185 , 193 , 785 ; eclipse of, 220 , 229 ; and Hellenism, 223 , 224 ; and philosophy, 230 ,
264 , 509 , 785 ; and Rousseau, 694 -695, 700
Civil War (American), 638 Civil War (English), 471 , 547 , 551 , 601
-602, 603 , 617 , 620 , 638 , 677
civil war(s), 638 , 677 ; Roman, 272 , 273 , 357
civilization, 3 -24, 220 , 262 263, 282 , 399 , 427 , 637
Clairvaux, 439
Clarendon (Edward Hyde), 1st Earl of, English statesman and historian
( 1609-1674), 548
Clarke, Samuel, English philosopher ( 1675-1729), 70
class bias, 74
class struggle, 24 , 556 -557, 724 , 739 , 788 , 790
classification of philosophies, 791 -792
Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus), Roman Emperor
( 10 B.C.-A.D.54), 260
Clausewitz, Karl von, Prussian general and writer on military tactics
( 1780-1831), 750
Clazomene, 61
Cleanthes of Assos, Greek Stoic philosopher (?-232? B.C.), 215 , 254 ,
257 -259; quoted, 257
Clement V, Pope (reigned 1305-1314), 480
Clement VI, Pope (reigned 1342-1352), 481 482
Clement VII (Giulio dei Medici), Pope (reigned 1523-1534), 500
Clement VII (Robert of Geneva), Antipope (reigned 1378-1394, at Avignon), 482 -483
Clement of Alexandria, Greek Father of the Church ( 150?-220), 318
Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt ( 69-30 B.C), 218 , 271
clergy, 112 , 302 , 303 , 304 , 395 , 407 , 408 , 409 , 447 448, 529
Clermont, Council of, 430
Clesippus, 76
Clitomachus (or Hasdrubal), Greek philosopher (fl. 129 B.C.), 238 ;
quoted, 238 , 239
clocks, 535 ; of the Cartesians, 668 . See also two clocks
Clouds; The ( Aristophanes), 82 , 86 *
Clovis, Merovingian King of the Franks ( 481-511), 386 , 390
Cloyne, 648
Cloyne, Bishop of. See Berkeley
Cluny 411 , 430 , 437
cogito, 564 -565, 701
cognition, 405 *
coinage, 9 , 102 , 231
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, English poet and critic ( 1772-1834), 642 , 679
, 680 , 773
Colet, John, English, classical scholar and theologian ( 1467?-1519), 513 ,
514
collective farming, 634
Colloquies ( Erasmus), 517
Cologne, 452
colonies, 8 , 119 , 226
Colossians, 326 *
colour(s), 152 , 153 , 154 , 157 , 158 , 643 , 650 , 662 , 715 , 717
Columba, St., Irish missionary ( 521-597), 386
Columban, St., Irish missionary ( 543-615), 386
Columbus, Christopher, Genoese discoverer of America ( 1446?-1506),
100 , 259 †, 464 , 486 , 517 , 817 , 821
comedy, 59
comets, 207 , 529 , 535 , 536 , 538
Commagene, 227
commerce, 6 , 9 , 30 , 187 , 304 , 422 , 491 , 492 , 597 , 598
Commodus ( Lucius Aelius Aurelius), Roman Emperor ( 161-192), 261 ,
262
common sense, 253 , 606 , 638 , 657 , 794 , 813 , 814 , 824 , 825 -826, 832
; and Aristotle, 161 , 162 , 163 , 165 , 180 , 181
commons, 635
Commons, House of, 441 , 486 , 548 , 618 , 624 , 637 , 639
communism, 111 , 188 , 486 , 519 , 521 , 747
Communist Commonwealth 364
Communist Manifesto, 783
Communist Party, 109 , 364 , 827
community, 189 , 711 , 775 , 827 ; and individual, 15 16 , 183 , 727
Compendium Studii Philosophie ( Roger Bacon), 464
competition, 640 , 780 , 789
Compiègne, 436
compromise, 638
conception, and perception, 156
conciliar movement, 470 , 483 , 498
concubinage, 409 , 410
conditioned reflex, 774 , 833
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicholas de Caritat, Marquis de, French philosopher ( 1743-1794), 262 , 722 -723, 724 , 776 ; quoted, 722 -723 “Confession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicar, The” ( Rousseau), 515 -516,
690 , 692 -694, 705 , 814
Confessions ( Rousseau), 685
Confessions ( St. Augustine), 344 -354, 365
Confucius, Chinese philosopher ( 551-479 B.C.), 12 , 282 , 400 , 815
congenital differences, 726
Congress, 555 , 640
conic sections, 211 , 217
conjunction, and causation, 665 -668
conquistadores, 226
conscience, 90 , 692
Conrad, pretender to crown of Emperor
Henry IV (fl. ca. 1093), 430
consciousness, 812
consensus gentium, 258
consequences, as test of beliefs, 825
consequent, in logic, 664
conservation: of energy, 540 ; of momentum, 561
conservatism, 637
consistency and credibility, 613
Consolations of Philosophy ( Boethius), 370
Constantine I (the Great –Flavius Valerius Constantinus), Roman Emperor ( 272-337), 274 , 275 , 277 , 284 , 331 -332, 333 , 337 , 358 ; conversion of, 281 , 303 , 329 , 330 , 332 . See also Donation of Constantine
Constance, Council of, 483 , 486
Constance of Sicily, wife of Emperor Henry VI, 442 -443
Constantinople, 274 , 341 , 390 , 392 ; and Arianism, 333 ; and Christian philosophy, 478 ; conquered by Turks, 275 , 420 , 486 , 496 ; and Crusades, 442 , 434 , 496 ; and Donation of Constantine, 392 ; and fall of Rome, 343 ; and Greek classics, 440 ; and Gregory the Great, 381 , 382 , 385 ; and Mohammedans, 419 ; and Nestorianism, 367 , 368 , 369 ; and
papacy, 388 , 478 ; patriarchs of, 388 , 390 , 395 , 396
Constantius II (Flavius Julius), Roman Emperor ( 317-361), 337
constitution(s), 107 , 108 , 508 , 509 ; U.S., 599 , 605 , 631 , 633 , 640 ; British, 605 , 618 , 637 , 638 ; French, 605 , 639 -640; of Holy Roman
Empire, 389 ; Roman, 271 , 821 ; of Sparta, 96 -98, 104
constitutional government, 441 “Consultation on a matrimonial cause”
( Occam), 471
contemplation, 33 , 34 , 169 , 171 , 181 , 182 , 294 , 758 , 810 , 812
contempt, 39 , 41
Continent, 401 , 558 , 746 , 752
Continental philosophy, 546 , 564 , 609 , 643
continuity, 829 , 833
Contra Celsum. See Against Celsus
contradiction, law of, 592 , 706
control, 827 , 828
convention, and romanticism, 676 , 683 -684
co-operation, 494 , 684
co-ordinate geometry, 36 , 536 , 560 -561
Copernicus, Nikolaus, Polish astronomer ( 14731543), 207 , 475 , 486 , 492 , 525 , 526 -529, 544 , 697 ; and Aristarchus of Samos, 131 , 216 ; disposes of man’s cosmic importance, 788 ; and Galileo, 533 , 534 ; and
Kant, 707 ; and Kepler, 529 , 530 ; and Newton, 70 , 535 , 539
Copernican hypothesis, 217 , 259 , 527 ; in antiquity, 214 -216, 222 ; and
human pride, 538
Cordova, 323 , 425 , 428
Corinth, 13 , 343 ; League of, 225
I Corinthians, 410§
Cork (Richard Boyle), 1st Earl of, English statesman ( 1566-1643), 536
Cornford, F. M., 22 , 42 ; cited, 41 *; quoted, 32 , 33
Corporate State, 699
corporation lawyers, 74
Corsair, 750
Cortes, 555
Cos, 227
cosmic impiety, 828
cosmic justice, 44 , 139
cosmic strife, 27
cosmogony: of Descartes, 562 -563; of Plato, 105 , 143 -148
cosmological argument, 585 , 586 -587, 588 , 589 , 694 , 709
cosmology, in ancient
