cosmopolitan point of view, 220
Cossa, Baldassare. See John XXIII, Pope
Cotes, Roger, English mathematician and philosopher ( 1682-1716), 563
councils of the Church, 403 , 415 , 469 , 470 , 483
Count of the East (contemporary of St. Ambrose), 339
Counter-Reformation, 493 , 499 -500, 522 -525, 828
Couturat, Louis, 587 , 590
Cowper, William, English poet ( 1731-1800), 648
creation, 11 , 60 , 143 -144, 148 , 294 -295, 404 -406, 593 594; and St. Augustine, 353 , 354 , 357 ; and Jews, 27 , 308 ; and theology, 27 , 130 ,
295
creative evolution, 793
Creator, 66 , 67 , 134 , 537
Crécy, 748
credibility and consistency, 613
credulity, 671 , 703
Creed.
Crete, 6 -7, 9 , 16 , 101 , 238
Crimean War, 634
Critias, one of The Thirty Tyrants of Athens (fl. 5th cent. B.C.), 81 , 83
critique of knowledge, 704
Critique of Practical Reason, The ( Kant), 709 , 710
Critique of Pure Reason, The ( Kant), 595 , 642 , 673 , 706 -710, 712
-716, 755
Crito, Athenian philosopher (fl. late 5th cent. B.C.), 133 , 142
Crito ( Plato), 133
Croesus, King of Lydia (reigned 560-546 B.C.), 25
Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector of England ( 1599-1658), 524 , 547 ,
553 , 601 -604, 617 , 630 , 635
Cross, 325 , 351
Croton, 30
Crucifixion, 132
cruelty, 135 , 136 , 255 , 366 , 645 , 742 , 766 , 834
Crusades, 323 , 428 , 429 , 434 435, 444 , 446 , 748 ; and Albigenses, 442 , 448 , 451 ; first, 430 , 439 ; second, 439 ; third, 433 , 434 ; fourth, 442 ,
496
culture: and Athens, 58 61, 80 ; in Carolingian period, 395 ; in later antiquity, 194 ; and Marx, 785 ; Mohammedan, 419 428; in north, in 15th cent., 498 ; and Roman Empire, 270 -283. See also Greece
Cumont, 279 *, 476 *; cited, 357 *
Cymbeline ( Shakespeare), 523
Cynic(s), -ism, 91 , 228 229 , 230 , 233 , 252 , 253 , 277 , 360 , 598
Cyprian ( Thascius Caecilius), St., Christian martyr ( 200?-258?), 271
Cyprus, 253
Cyril of Alexandria, St., Father of the Church ( 376-444), 367 -369, 373
Cyrus the Great, King of Persia ( 600?-529 B.C.), 13 , 25 , 310 , 504
D.A.R., 320
Dacia, 343
Dalmatia, 343 , 383
Damascus, 421
Damasus I (St.), Pope (reigned 366-384), 337 , 341
Damian, St. Peter, Italian Church reformer ( 1007?1072), 409 , 411 , 413
-414, 416
damnation, 318 , 359 , 362 , 365 , 538 , 572 ; of unbaptized infants, 365 ,
366
Danes, 305 , 395 , 399
Daniel, Hebrew prophet, 317
Dante Alighieri, Italian poet ( 1265-1321), 170 , 207 , 285 , 302 , 370 , 434
, 469 -470, 506
Danton, Georges Jacques, French revolutionary leader ( 1759-1794), 677
Danube, 271 , 279
Danzig, 753
Daphnae, 25
Darius I (the Great-Hystaspis), King of Persia ( 558?-486 B.C.), 13 , 28 ,
30 , 58 , 221 , 592
dark ages, 61 , 303 , 335 , 366 , 399 , 427 ; papacy in, 388 400
Darwin, Charles Robert, English naturalist ( 18091882), 611 , 624 , 642 , 678 , 725 -727, 780 -781
Darwin, Erasmus, English man of science and poet ( 1731-1802), 725
Darwinian competition, 780
David, King of Judah and Israel ( 1013?-973? B.C.), 309 , 340 , 553
David of Dinant, Belgian scholastic philosopher (fl. ca. 1200), 455 day, 5
De Anima ( Aristotle), 170 , 424 , 453
De Cive ( Hobbes), 547
De Coelo ( Aristotle), 131 , 212 *
De corpore et sanguine Domini ( Lanfranc), 417
De Emendatione ( Aristotle), 419
De la formation du foetus ( Descartes), 561
De l’Esprit ( Helvétius), 722
De Monarchia ( Dante), 469
De Principiis ( Origen), 327
De Revolutionibus Orbium CÅ“lestium ( Copernicus), 526
De Tribus Impostoribus ( Emperor Frederick II?), 444
death penalty, 775
Decalogue, 309 . See also Ten Commandments
Decamnichus, 185 Declaration of Independence, 36 , 625 “Déclaration
des droits de l’homme,” 776
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The ( Gibbon), 261 , 280 *, 330†, 368 *, 378 *
deduction, 795 , 829 ; and Aristotle’s logic, 196 -200; and Francis Bacon, 543 , 545 ; in Continental philosophy, 643 ; in geometry, 25 , 26 , 211 ;
Greek, 3 *, 39 , 60 , 234 , 269 ; in mathematics, 29 , 830
deism, 722
Delos, 225
Delphi, 42 , 86
Democedes of Croton, Greek physician (fl. 6th cent. B.C.), 30 democracy, 114 , 194 , 519 , 547 , 570 , 737 ; and Aristotle, 189 -190, 191 ; Athenian, 60 , 61 , 74 -75, 81 , 83 , 88 , 105 , 194 ; and Bentham, 723 , 778 ; and churches, 470 , 765 ; and ethics, 712 , 768 , 780 ; Greek, 9 , 53 , 72 , 190 ; and James, 811 , 812 ; and Kant, 642 , 705 , 712 ; and liberalism, 597 , 606 ; and Locke, 630 , 631 ; in Middle Ages, 304 , 446 , 469 470, 479 , 486 , 497 ; modern, 177 , 491 , 622 , 729 ; reasons for, 107 , 771 ; in Rome, 271 , 272 , 481 ; and Rousseau, 687 , 690 , 694 , 695 , 700 ; and
Sparta, 97 *, 100
Democritus, Greek atomist philosopher (fl. ca. 420 B.C.), 64 -66, 71 -73, 76 , 204 , 209 , 254 , 543 , 761 ; and Aristotle, 260 , 206 ; and Epicurus, 241 , 243 , 246 ; and science, 537 , 828 ; and space, 70 , 540 ; quoted, 65
demon(s), demonology, 56 , 90 , 254 , 265 , 318 , 358
Denmark, 50 , 529 Descartes, René French philosopher ( 1596-1650), 37 , 269 , 472 , 547 , 557 -568, 570 , 583 , 599 , 692 ; cogito of, 355 , 564 ; and co-ordinate geometry, 36 , 536 , 560 -561; determinism of, 568 ; and God, 417 , 566 , 571 , 583 , 585 , 586 , 644 , 691 , 787 , 835 ; influence of, 546 , 557 -558, 564 , 567 , 595 , 641 , 642 , 785 ; and Jesuits, 524 , 558 , 559 ; and Locke, 604 , 609 , 641 ; method of (Cartesian doubt), 563 564, 567 , 644 ; and science, 525 , 560 , 561 , 568 ; and space, 70 , 567 ; and subjectivism, 493 , 564 , 701 , 703 ; and substance, 583 , 591 ; and theory of knowledge, 564 -567, 568 , 610 ;
quoted, 564 , 565
Desiderius, bishop of Vienne (fl. ca. 599), 385 design, 709 desire, 778
-779, 791 , 810
Destiny, 11 , 256
Destruction of the Destruction ( Averroes), 426
Destruction of the Philosophers ( Algazel), 426 determinism, 296 , 548 , 549 , 593 ; and atomists, 66 ; and Bergson, 793 , 799 ; and Cartesianism, 568 ; in psychology, 774 ; and Spinoza, 570 -571, 574 ; and Stoicism, 254 , 257 , 266 268
Deutero-Isaiah, 312 -313
Deuteronomy, 569
Devonshire, 394
Devonshire, 2nd Earl of ( Lord Hardwick), patron of Hobbes, 547
Dewey, John, American philosopher (b. 1859), 759 , 816 , 819 -828;
quoted, 823 , 827
De Witts, the, 569
Diabolic Vision, 758 dialectic method, 92 -93, 126 , 417 , 435 , 437 , 439 , 731 733, 735 , 788 , 789 dialectical materialism, 364 , 783 , 784 dialogues: of Cosimo dei Medici, 501 ; of Galileo, 92 ; of Gregory the Great, 378 -381; of Plato, 36 , 60 , 65 , 79 , 84 , 91 , 93 , 108 , 116 , 132 ,
133 , 143 , 147 -149, 209 , 235 , 501
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion ( Hume), 660
Dialogues of Hylas and Philonous, The ( Berkeley), 648 -655 Diana of
the Ephesians, 5 dictator, -ships, 34 , 195 , 622 , 691 , 701
Dictionary (Dictionnaire Historique et Critique-Bayle), 559
Dietrich von Bern (Theodoric), 367 differential equations, 71
Digest ( Justinian I), 373
Dijon, Academy of, 687
Dikaiarchos ( Dicaearchus), Greek philosopher (fl. 4th cent. B.C.), 32
Dio Cassius (Dion Cassius Cocceianus), Roman historian ( 155-240?),
260
Diocletian ( Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Jovius), Roman
Emperor ( 245-313), 274 , 275 , 284 , 367
Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian (fl. 1st cent. B.C.), 30 , 227
Diogenes, Greek Cynic philosopher ( 412?-323 B.C.), 230 -232, 360
Diogenes Laertius, Greek biographer (fl. 3rd cent.), 65 , 240 , 243 , 256 ,
257 ; cited, 269 *; quoted, 240 , 257
Diogenes Laertius (lives of Greek philosophers), 269 *; “Life of
Epicurus,” 240
Diognetus, Roman Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd cent.), 265
Dionysius the Areopagite, Athenian convert of St. Paul (fl. 1st cent.), 403
404, 405 , 406
Dionysius the Younger, tyrant of Syracuse (reigned 367-356 and 347344
B.C.), 106 , 123
Dionysodorus, 75 -76
Dionysus worship, 14 , 19 , 22 , 23 , 32 , 43 dirt, 292
Discours de la Méthode (Discourse on MethodDescartes), 558 , 563 -567
Discourse on Inequality ( Rousseau), 687 -689
Discourses ( Epictetus), 241â€
Discourses ( Machiavelli), 505 , 506 -508, 761 disjunction, 258
Dispersion, 321
distance, 71
distribution, 785
divination, 5 , 257
Divine Comedy ( Dante), 469 -470. See also Paradiso
Divine Intellect or Mind, 289 , 291
divine right: of kings, 597 , 603 , 617 , 618 , 620 , 629 630, 690 , 700 ; of
majorities, 633
division of powers, 697
divorces, 395 -396, 430 , 518
Docetics, 325
Doctors of the Church, 334 -352
“Does ‘Consciousness’ Exist?” ( James), 812 -814 dogma(s), -tism, 23 ,
38 , 74 , 243 , 492 , 606 -607, 835
dogmatic doubt, 234
dogmatic slumbers, 660 , 704
Dominic, St., Castilian priest, founder of Dominican Order ( 11701221),
449 , 450 -451; quoted, 451
Dominican Order, 449 , 451 , 452 -453, 463 , 481
Domitian ( Titus Flavius Domitianus Augustus), Roman Emperor ( 51-96).
261 , 262
Don Juan
