cent., 397 ; Visigoths and Franks in, 367 ; and wars with England, 471
Francis I, Emperor ( 17081765), 775
Francis I, King of France ( 1494-1547), 499
Francis of Assisi, St., Italian monk, founder of Franciscan Order ( 1182?-
1226), 32 , 441 , 444 , 449 -450, 479
Franciscan Order, 427 , 449 -451, 481
Franciscan schoolmen, 463 -475
Frankenstein ( Mary Shelley), 680
Frankenstein’s monster, 680 -681
Franklin, Benjamin, American statesman ( 1706-1790), 36 *, 248
Franks, 334 , 366 , 367 , 374 , 384 , 386 , 389 , 390 , 392
Frauenburg, 526
Frederick II, Emperor, King of Sicily as Fredenck I, titular King of Jerusalem ( 1194-1250), 428 , 441 , 442 , 443 -446, 452 , 495 -496, 499 ,
722
Frederick I (Barbarossa), Emperor ( 1123?-1190), 431 , 432 -434, 443 ,
720 , 738
Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia ( 17121786), 690 , 720 -721, 738
Frederick II, King of Denmark, patron of Brahe ( 1534-1588), 529
free press, 737
free volitions, 708
free will, 246 , 295 , 296 , 328 , 524 , 548 , 549 , 550 , 568 ; and St. Augustine, 357 , 364 , 365 ; and Bergson, 793 , 799 ; and Leibniz, 584 , 589 ; and Luther, 517 ; and scholastics, 213 , 403 , 405 , 467 ; and Spinoza, 571 , 572 ; and Stoics, 266 -268
freedom, 72 ., 101 , 273 , 559 , 570 , 641 , 697 , 748 , 799 , 801 ; and Hegel, 697 , 736 -737, 739 , 720 , 741 ; and Kant, 705 , 709 , 710 ; and
Stoics, 254 , 255 , 270
Freedom and Organization ( Russell), 773 *
Frege, German mathematician ( 19th cent.), 830
French Empire, 751
French language, 719
French philosophy, 595 , 704 , 719 , 720 , 723 -724, 791
French Revolution, 555 , 634 , 639 , 646 , 677 , 680 , 752 , 770 , 771 , 775 ; Condorcet on principles of, 723 ; and democracy, 194 , 491 ; and Kant, 704 , 705 ; and liberalism, 598 , 599 ; and Nietzsche, 762 , 765 ; and philosophy, 641 , 642 , 719 , 722 -724, 765 ; and rights of man, 776 ;
and Rousseau, 700
friendship, 179 -180, 184 , 241 , 245 , 256 , 370
Frisia, 394
From Religion to Philosophy ( Cornford), 22 , 32 , 41 *
From Thales to Plato ( Burner), 65 *, 83 , 85
Fulbert, Canon, of Paris (?-1028?), 437
Fulda, 394
future life, 330 , 710
Galatians, 224 , 226 ; Epistle to the, 341 , 361 *
Galen (Claudius Galenus), Greek physician (fl. 2nd cent.), 424 , 427 , 516
Galilee, 756
Galileo, Italian astronomer and physicist ( 15641642), 92 , 203 , 525 , 527 ,
531 -535, 725 ; and Aristotle, 203 , 207 ; and Copernican theory, 492 ; and Descartes, 559 ; and Hobbes, 546 , 547 , 549 ; and Newton, 207 ; and projectiles, 207 , 211 ; and religious prejudices, 215 , 349 , 526 , 599 , 697 ; and science, 203 , 525 , 540 ; and truth, 118 ; and war, 493 ;
quoted, 534
Gall, St., Irish missionary ( 550?-645?), 394
Gallienus (Publius Licinius Valerianus Egnatius Gallienus), Roman
Emperor (reigned 253-268), 287
Gama, Vasco da, Portuguese navigator ( 1469?1524), 486 , 496
Gandhi (Mahatma), Mohandas Karamchand, Hindu nationalist leader (b. 1869), 345 â€
Gandia, Duke of, son of Pope Alexander VI, 499
Ganges, 219
Garden of Eden, 509
Garigliano, 397 gases, 66
Gassendi, Pierre, French philosopher and scholar ( 1592-1655), 355 ,
582
Gaul, 30 , 119 , 182 , 341 , 374 , 376 , 384 , 402 ; invasions of, 366 , 367
, 401
Gauls, 226 , 357
Gebhardt of Eichstadt. See Victor II, Pope
Geiger, George Raymond, quoted, 826
Gelon, King of Syracuse (d. 215 B.C.), 215
Gemistus Pletho, Byzantine Platonist philosopher ( 1355?-1450), 501
general and particular concepts, 802 , 803
General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens ( Kant), 705
general will, 696 , 697 -701, 737
Genesis, 318 , 353 , 406 , 465 , 562 , 619
Geneva, 620 , 685 , 688 -689, 690 , 693 , 694 , 695
Genghis Khan (Temuchin), Mongol conqueror ( 1167-1227), 281 , 573
Genoa, 433 , 443 , 496
Genseric, King of the Vandals (reigned 428477), 750
gentiles, 311 , 313 , 318 , 319 , 320 , 321 , 324 , 330 , 346
gentleman, 34 , 109 , 194 195, 811
geocentric theory, 475
geography, 136 , 464 , 679 , 705 , 706
geology, 719
geometry, 664 , 687 , 716 , 829 ; and astronomy, 216 217; and Bergson, 794 , 795 , 803 ; and Descartes, 558 , 560 -561, 563 ; and Greeks, 3 *, 25 , 36 , 39 , 93 , 139 , 208 -212, 291 ; and Hobbes, 548 , 549 ; and Kant, 707 , 708 , 714 , 715 , 716 ; and Leibniz, 592 ; non-Euclidean, 211 , 732 ; and Plato, 37 , 106 , 124 , 131 , 132 , 146 . See also co-ordinate geometry; Euclid
George I, King of England ( 1660-1727), 582
George III, King of England ( 1738-1820), 690
Gerbert. See Sylvester II, Pope
German philosophy, 179 , 595 , 642 , 673 , 718 , 719 -720, 721 , 730 ,
773 ; idealist, 605 , 682 , 701 -704, 719
German refugees, 402
German invasions, 274 , 275 , 284 , 335 , 367 , 374 , 402 Germanic kingdoms, 366 Germany, 116 , 229 , 502 , 581 , 621 , 748 , 782 ; Anabaptists in, 524 ; and Charlemagne, 389 , 392 , 393 ; and Church, 302 , 523 ; conflicts with papacy, 443 , 469 ; converted, 394 ; culture of, 492 ; dictatorship in, 701 ; feudal principles in, 429 ; and Hegel, 719
-721, 737 , 738 , 739 ; and Hume, 703 ; international position of, 720 ; intellectual predominance of, 719 ; investiture struggle in, 415 -416; and Italy, 431 , 444 ; Jews in, 434 ; king of, as emperor, 471 ; landholding in, 634 ; Machiavelli on, 508 ; and Marx, 783 , 789 ; and Mithraism, 281 ; and Napoleon, 751 -752; and nationalism, 718 , 720 , 721 ; new society created in, 511 ; and Plutarch, 101 ; power of government in, 555 ; and prudence, 677 ; and Nietzsche, 764 ; and Reformation, 522 ; and Renaissance, 512 ; and romanticism, 101 , 679 , 725 , 773 ; and Sicily, 443 . See also Holy Roman Empire; Prussia
Gerson, Jean de, French cardinal and theologian ( 1362-1428?), 472 *,
483 , 513
Geulincx, Arnold, Belgian philosopher ( 1625-1699), 561 -562, 567
Ghazzali, al- (Abu-Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazzali), Arab philosopher
( 1058-1111), 426
Ghibellines, 444 ; 450 , 469 , 478 , 497 , 738 , 748 , 750
Gibbon, Edward, English historian ( 1737-1794), 261 -262, 331 , 332 ,
373 ; quoted, 262 , 280 , 287 *, 330 , 367 -368, 370 , 378
Gibraltar, 422
Gilbert, William, English physician and physicist ( 1540-1603), 536 ,
544
Girondins, 600
gladiators, 262
Glaucon, brother of Plato, 117
globe, 144
Gnosticism, 130 , 259 , 324 , 325 , 447 , 448 , 477 , 549 ; and Plotinus,
291 , 292 , 294 , 295
goat, 13
God, 40 , 325 , 413 , 521 , 542 , 694 , 768 ; and St. Ambrose, 337 , 338 ; and St. Anselm, 417 -418; and Aquinas, 426 , 454 -460, 462 ; arguments for and proofs of, 37 , 455 , 585 590, 609 , 644 , 787 , 835 ; and Aristotle, 167 , 168 169, 172 , 180 , 192 , 288 , 455 , 456 , 734 ; and St. Augustine, 349 , 351 , 365 ; and Averroes, 426 ; and Bentham, 614 , 776 ; and Berkeley, 494 , 644 , 647 , 702 ; and Boethius, 370
-371; and Caesar, 306 ; and Cynics, 238 , 239 ; and Descartes, 562 , 563 , 566 , 583 ; and good and bad, 117 , 769 ; and government, 553 , 619 , 629 ; and Hegel, 734 , 735 ; and Heraclitus, 41 , 44 ; and James, 811 , 817 , 818 ; and Jews, 144 , 308 , 312 , 346 , 428 ; and John the Scot, 404 -405, 456 ; and Kant, 645 , 709 ; and Leibniz, 583 -590, 593 , 594 -595; and Locke, 606 , 609 , 613 616, 625 , 628 , 633 , 702 ; and man, 729 , 749 , 765 , 827 , 828 ; and mystics, 353 , 681 , 757 ; and Newton, 537 , 538 , 563 ; and Nietzsche, 749 , 765 , 769 ; of Old and New Testaments, 447 , 585 ; and Origen, 327 -329; and Orphism, 19 , 21 , 33 ; and Parmenides, 48 , 128 ; and permanence, 45 ; and Plato, 109 , 113 , 130 , 143 148, 289 , 358 , 835 ; and Platonic ideas, 122 , 124 , 127 , 129 , 130 ; and Plotinus, 288 , 289 ; and Pythagoras, 32 , 33 , 37 ; and Reformation, 523 ; and Rousseau, 691 -694; and Schopenhauer, 755 , 757 , 758 ; and science, 537 538; and Socrates, 86
