trigonometry, 215
Trinity, 288 , 333 , 370 , 405 , 420 , 436 , 514 ; and Abélard, 437 , 438 ;
and Aquinas, 454 , 460 ; and Plotinus, 288 , 291 , 418
Trinity College, 648
Trojan Women, The ( Euripides), 80
Trotsky, Leon, Russian Communist leader ( 18771940), 820
Troy, 12 , 139 , 331 , 356
true, the, 34 , 473
truth, 34 , 39 , 123 , 236 , 405 *, 729 , 743 , 820 , 821 822, 823 , 826 , 828 ; and Aquinas, 454 , 456 , 463 ; and Copernican hypothesis, 217 ; and Dewey 819 , 820 , 823 , 824 ; and dialectic method, 93 ; double, 453 , 542 ; and ethics, 117 ; and Galileo, 118 ; and geometry, 124 ; and Hegel, 734 , 740 ; and Hobbes, 549 , 551 ; and Hume, 671 , 707 ; and industrialism, 34 ; and James, 814 -815, 816 -818; and John the Scot, 403 ; and Locke, 607 ; and logical analysis, 836 ; and Marx, 784 ; and mathematics, 37 , 155 ; and moral considerations, 78 ; and Nietzache, 749 ; and object-subj ect relation, 812 ; and Parmenides, 49 ; and past and future, 826 ; and perception, 153 , 154 , 155 ; and philosophy, 285 , 785 , 835 ; and Plato, 120 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 137 , 358 ; and Protagoras, 77 , 151 *; and romanticism, 681 ; and science, 528 , 671 , 706 ; and Socrates, 137 , 142 , 143 ; and words, 51 ; and
Xenophanes, 40
Tully, 349 . See also Cicero
Turin, 384 , 685
Turks, 275 , 420 , 422 , 484 , 486 , 496 , 503 , 538
Tuscany, 498 , 502 , 532
Tusculum, 398 , 411 , 412
twelfth century, 428 -441
Twelfth Night ( Shakespeare), 31 â€
two clocks, 561 -562, 567 , 584
Tyler, Wat (Walter), English leader of Peasants’ Revolt (d. 1381), 485
tyranny, 9 , 53 , 60 -61, 191 192, 272 , 279
Tyre, 220
Ueberweg, Friedrich, German philosopher ( 1826-1871), 252 , 426 , 436
ugliness, 292
Ulphilas or Ulfila, Bishop of the Goths ( 311?-381), 386
Ulster, 466
Umayyad dynasty, 421
Unam Sanctam, 479
United States, 51 , 101 , 285 , 448 , 631 , 633 , 639 , 640 , 723 , 831 . See also America
unity, 32 , 41 , 43 , 298 , 393 , 708
universality, 469
universals: and Aristotle. 162 -164, 165 , 166 , 198 ; and Avicenna, 424 -425; and Locke, 610 ; and Marx, 786 ; nominalism and, 661 ; and Plato,
105 . 126 , 127 , 128 -129, 156 ; and Porphyry, 465 ; and scholastics, 404 , 435 , 436 , 438 , 440 , 456 , 458 , 462 , 473 -474
universe, 38 , 207 , 265 , 266 267, 559 , 732 , 745 , 759 , 801 , 834 ; and Bergson, 792 , 794 -795, 808 ; and Copernicus, 526 , 527 ; in Greek
philosophy, 42 , 56 , 73 , 114 , 147 , 152 , 206 , 214 , 294
universities, 440
unmoved mover, 206 , 455
Upanishads, 753
Urban II, Pope (reigned 1088-1099), 429 , 430
Urban V, Pope (reigned 1362-1370), 482
Urban VI (Bartolomeo Prignano), Pope (reigned 1378-1389), 482
Ure, P. N., 9 *
Uriah, Hittite captain under King David, 553
U. S. S. R., 109
usury, 187 , 623 -624, 636
utilitarian considerations, 627
utilitarian standards, 678
utilitarianism, utilitarians, 183 , 628 -629, 646 , 704 , 710 , 722 , 773 -782
Utilitarianism ( John Stuart Mill), 778
Utopia(s), 104 , 108 -119, 188 -289, 518 -522
Utopia ( More), 518 -522
Valentinian I (Flavius Valentinianus), Roman Emperor ( 321-375), 336
Valentinian II, Roman Emperor in the West ( 372-392), 336 , 337
Valla, Lorenzo, Italian scholar ( 1406-1457), 391 , 498 , 513
value(s), 681 , 747 ; labour theory of, 635 , 743 -744, 834
Vandals, 334 , 343 , 344 , 366 , 367 , 374 , 386 , 401 , 750
Vanessa ( Esther Van Homrigh), intimate friend of Jonathan Swift, 648
Vasseur, Thérèse le, mistress of Rousseau, 686 687
Vaughan, Henry, English poet ( 1622-1695), quoted, 46 , 144 *
vegetarianism, 447
Venerable Bede. See Bede
Venice, 375 , 433 , 434 , 442 , 496 -497, 552 , 686 , 809
Venus, 214 , 534
veracity, 814 , 815
Vercelli, Madame de, employer of Rousseau, 685
Verona, 367 ; Council of, 448
Vesalius, Andreas, Belgian anatomist ( 15141564), 544
vice of intellectual dishonesty, 78 -79
Vichy, 791
Victor II (Gebhardt of Eichstadt), Pope (reigned 1055-1057), 412
Victor IV, Antipope (reigned 1138), 433 *
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria), Queen of England and Empress of India
( 1819-1901), 75 , 374 , 680
Victory, 336 -337, 373
Vienne, 385
Vigilius, Pope (reigned 538-555), 374
Vigna, Pietro della. See Pietro della Vigna
Vinci, Leonardo da, Italian painter, architect and sculptor ( 1452-1519),
487 , 493 , 495 , 503
violence, 646 , 681 , 725
violent emotion, 19 , 675
Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), Roman poet ( 7019 B.C.), 274 , 343
Virgil, Irish bishop of Salzburg (fl. ca. 741), 394
Virgin, 5 , 313 , 368 , 369 , 383 , 514
virginity, 336 , 340 , 342 , 344 , 356 , 366
virtue, 15 , 177 , 191 , 297 , 309 , 775 ; and Aristotle, 173 -179, 181 , 182 , 189 , 194 ; and St. Augustine, 360 , 361 ; and Cynics, 91 , 231 ; and ethical theories, 178 -179; and Jews, 308 , 315 ; and Kant, 710 , 711 ; and Machiavelli, 508 , 510 -511; and Nietzsche, 763 ; and Socrates, 92 ; and Stoics, 177 , 254 -256, 257 , 263 , 267 -268
Visconti, Italian family, rulers of Milan (fl. 12771447), 496
Visigoths, 367 , 382 , 384 , 386 , 420
Vita Nuova, La ( Dante), 370
Vogelweide. See Walther on der Vogelweide
void, 62 , 66 , 68 , 69 -70, 71 , 206 , 246
Voltaire, Francois Arouet de, French philosopher and author ( 1694-1778), 11 , 581 , 595 , 605 , 642 , 693 , 694 , 721 , 753 ; and Rousseau,
688 , 689 -690; quoted, 688
Vulgate, 322 , 335 , 340 -341, 360 , 485 , 498 , 512 , 514
wage-earner, 783 , 788
Wagner, Wilhelm Richard, German composer ( 1813-1883), 682 , 760
Waiblingen, 444
Waldenses, 448
Waldo, Peter, French religious reformer (fl. ca. 1170), 448
Wales, Princess of (contemporary of e), 583
Wallace, William, Scotfish philosopher ( 18441897), 734
Wallis, John, English mathematician ( 16161703), 548
Walther von der Vogelweide, German poet ( 1170?-1230?), 443
war, 116 , 493 , 500 , 557 , 626 , 628 , 632 , 647 , 754 ; in antiquity, 60 , 212 , 225 ; and Aristotle, 181 , 186 , 192 , 193 ; as competitive method, 640 , 780 ; and economics, 787 -788; and Hegel, 739 , 741 -742; and Heraclitus, 41 -42, 44 ; and Hobbes, 550 , 551 , 557 ; and Kant, 712 ; and Locke, 646 ; and More, 520 -521, 522 ; and Nietzsche, 752 , 761 , 763 , 764 , 766 , 769 ; and Plato, 111 , 115 , 137 , 138 ; of religion, 522 ,
524 , 597 , 677 ; and Rousseau, 687 ; and Sparta, 95 , 96 , 98 , 99
War and Peace ( Tolstoy), 750
Warens, Madame de, mistress of Rousseau, 686
warrior, 34
Washington, George, 1st President of the United States ( 1732-1799), 45
, 49 , 50 -51, 52 , 156 , 750
water, 27 , 28 , 40 , 117 , 254 ; and Aristotle, 206 , 207 ; and Empedocles, 43 , 55 ; and Heraclitus, 42 , 44 ; and Plato, 144 , 145 , 146
, 147 ; and Thales, 24 , 26 , 43
Waterloo, 750
Waverley ( Scott), 831
wealth, 9 , 278 , 422
Wedgwoods, English pottery manufacturers, 679
Weierstrass, Karl Theodor, German mathematician ( 1815-1897), 211 ,
829
Weimar, 720 , 754 ; Republic, 789
Welf, 444 .
Wellington (Arthur Wellesley), 1st Duke of, English general and
statesman ( 1769-1852), 45
were-wolves, 13 -14
West, 23 , 25 , 53 , 143 , 212 , 382 ; division of East and, 329 ; and
Nicene orthodoxy, 333
Western Church, 374 , 396 , 442 , 478 , 501 ; Doctors of, 334 , 335
Western Empire, 279 , 335 , 336 , 374 , 388 , 392 , 738 ; Christianity triumphs in, 334 ; and East, 279 -281; fall of, 305 , 306 , 329 , 363 , 366
, 367 , 386 , 399 , 407 , 419
Western Europe, 398 -400, 555
western Germany, 282 , 720 , 721
Whitehead, Alfred North, English mathematician and philosopher (b.
1861), 791 , 830
whole(s), 572 , 731 , 733 , 734 , 735 , 743 , 823
wickedness, 345 , 749
widows, 340
will, 178 , 204 , 297 , 550 , 570 , 759 , 760 , 790 ; of all, 698 , 699 *, 701 *, 738 ; and St. Augustine, 351 , 359 , 360 ; to believe, 814 -816, 817
-818; and Kant, 268 , 710 , 755 ; and romanticism, 724 , 725 ; and Schopenhauer, 753 , 755 -759; and Stoicism, 254 , 266 268. See also free will; general will
Will to Believe, The ( James), 814 -815
Will to Power, The ( Nietzsche), 764
, ,
William II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert), Emperor of Germany
( 1859-1941), 681
William III, King of England ( 1688-1701), 603
William of Champeaux, French scholastic philosopher ( 1070?-1121),
436
William of Malmesbury, English historian ( 1090?1143?), 403
William of Moerbeke, classical scholar (fl. 13th century), 453
William of Occam. See Occam
William the Pious, Duke of Aquitaine (fl. ca. 910), 411
Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, 28th President of the United States
( 18561924), 551
Winchester, 394
wine, 19 , 420
witchcraft, 502 , 536
Wolf, A., 535 *
Wolf (or Wolff), Christian, Baron von, German philosopher
