v. 1.
f Heb. “she.”
a-a Targum and other ancient versions read “shall be devastated.”
b-b Emendation yields “how I broke.”
c A few Heb. mss. read “Riblah”; cf. 2 Kings 23.33; 25.6 ff.
a-a A number of mss. and editions, as well as Targum, read “Disaster after disaster.”
b-b Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
c-c Emendation yields “like moaning doves. All of them shall perish.”
d I.e., their adornments.
a Septuagint “a man.”
b Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
c See chap. 1 and 3.22–23.
d-d Meaning of Heb. uncertain; emendation yields “north of the gate was the altar of.”
e-e Or “at a distance.”
f I.e., the outer court of the Temple.
g-g I.e., the gate of the inner court.
h A Babylonian god.
i-i Apparently meaning “goad Me to fury”; “their” is a euphemism for “My.”
a The raised platform on which the Temple stood; cf. 47.1.
a See note at 47.1.
b See note at Gen. 17.1.
c See v. 2.
d Lit. “it.”
e Because they had been called “cherubs.” (cf. v. 2.).
f-f Lit. “themselves.”
a I.e., the exiles will not return.
b I.e., the exiles.
c Heb. “you.”
a-a Lit. “by hand.”
b Heb. “They.”
c Cf. 2 Kings 25.7.
a-a Heb. “it.”
b Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
c-c Heb. “Me.”
d-d Heb. “where.”
a-a Emendation yields “directly, because of”; cf. v. 7.
b-b Several ancient versions read “who are bringing out sons and daughters.”
a-a Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
b-b This sentence is missing from some ancient versions and a few Heb. mss.
c-c An act symbolizing espousal; cf. note at Deut. 23.1, Ruth 3.9.
d-d See note at Ex. 25:4.
e I.e., as a sacrifice; cf. Lev. 2.2.
f Lit. “big of phallus”; cf. 23.20.
g-g Change of vocalization yields “How furious I was with you”; lit. “How I was filled with your fury” (libbat, as in Akkadian and Old Aramaic).
h-h Construction of Heb. uncertain.
i Construed as second-person feminine; cf. qere, vv. 47 and 51; and see above vv. 13, 18, 22, 31, 43.
j Many Heb. mss. and editions read “Edom.”
a-a This description suggests the golden eagle; the vulture, called by the same word in Heb. (nesher) has a bald head (Mic. 1.16) and dark feathers.
b Cf. 16.29.
c Emendation yields “cedar.”
d-d Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
e I.e., the first eagle.
f Many mss. read “picked men.”
g Others “fruit.”
a Others “set on edge.”
b I.e., in idolatry, Emendation yields “with the blood”; cf. 33.25; Lev. 17.10–11, 19.26.
c I.e., interest deducted in advance or interest added at the time of repayment; cf. Lev. 25.36.
d-d Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
e-e Lit. “turned his hand back from the poor.” Emendation yields “abstained from wrongdoing”; cf. v. 8.
a-a Emendation yields “ravaged their castles.”
b-b Meaning of Heb. uncertain; emendation yields “in a vineyard.”
c Heb. plural.
d-d Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
a-a Lit. “Will you arraign them, will you arraign, O mortal?”
b-b Lit. “raised My hand.”
c-c Lit. “of his eyes.”
d Lit. “them.”
e See v. 31.
f Emendation yields “guilty.”
g As if from ba “visit” and mah “what.”
h I.e., to be counted; see Lev. 27.32.
i Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
a Teman, Darom, Negeb are three terms for “the south.” The allusion is to Jerusalem (v. 7), which was always approached from Babylon by way of the north.
b-b Lit. “it has been polished in order that it may have lightning.”
c-c Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
d Meaning of Heb. uncertain; Targum reads “Be whetted.” Cf. vv. 14–16.
e I.e., of a sacrificed animal.
f The inhabitants of Jerusalem disregarded their oaths to the Babylonians; cf. 17.13 ff.
g-g Emendation yields “Return to your scabbard!” In this and the following verses, the prophet describes the future punishment of Babylon, still symbolized by the sword.
a-a Lit. “will you arraign, arraign.”
b-b Some Babylonian mss. and ancient versions read “the time of your years has come.”
c Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
d-d I.e., in idolatry. Emendation yields “with the blood”; cf. Lev. 19.26.
e I.e., have cohabited with a former wife of the father; cf. Lev. 18.7–8.
f Cf. note at 18.8.
g-g Septuagint reads “Whose chieftains.”
h Cf. 13.10 ff.
a I.e., “Tent.”
b I.e., “My Tent Is in Her.”
c Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
d Lit. “for the sake of.”
e I.e., the former lovers, vv. 22 ff.
f Lit. “will you arraign”; cf. 22.2.
a Lit. “limbs.”
b Emendation yields “wood”; cf. v. 10.
c Or “rust.”
d-d Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
e Heb. “I.”
f-f Emendation yields “Pour out the broth.”
g Lit. “men.”
h V. 24 moved up for clarity.
a-a Lacking in some Septuagint mss.
a The month is not indicated.
b Targum reads “trafficker”; cf. 27.3.
c Lit. “spreading out.”
d Lit. “swords.”
e-e Septuagint reads “vanished.”
f-f I.e., of the sea. Emendation yields “the dry land.”
g Understanding nathatti as second-person singular feminine; cf. 16.50 and note. But meaning of Heb. uncertain.
a-a Emendation yields: “O Tyre, you are a ship / Perfect in beauty.”
b-b Emendation yields “The skilled men of Zemar”; cf. Gen. 10.18.
c-c Lit. “in you.”
d The exact identity of these stones is uncertain.
e-e Meaning of Heb. uncertain; cf. “Minnith,” Judg. 11.33.
f-f Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
g Resuming the description of Tyre as a ship, as in vv. 3b–9a.
h I.e., to ward off the calamity from the viewer; cf. Jer. 18.16, 49.17; Job 27.23; Lam. 2.15.
a This sentence is continued in v. 6; vv. 3–5 are parenthetical.
b Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
c According to popular belief, those who die uncircumcised and those left unburied are relegated to the lower level of the netherworld; cf. 31.18; 32.19 ff.
d-d Meaning of Heb. uncertain. On the stones, see note at Exod. 28.17.
a Lit. “its.”
b Lit. “they.”
c Septuagint and Syriac read “plams”; cf. 2 Kings 18.21; Isa. 36.6.
d Taking ‘amad as a byform of ma‘ad; cf. Syriac translation.
e-e I.e., the length of Egypt, from north to south. Syene is modern Aswan.
f I.e., southern Egypt.
g Heb. “them.”
h-h Lit. “cause a horn to sprout for the House of Israel, and I will grant you opening of the mouth.”
a-a Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
b Elsewhere called “On”; cf. Gen. 41.45, 50; 46.20.
c Elsewhere vocalized “Tahpanhes”; e.g., Jer. 2.16; 44.1.
d Some Heb. mss. and editions read “darkened.”
a-a Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
b-b Septuagint reads “clouds.”
c-c Meaning of Heb. uncertain; emendation yields “more than for all.”
d Heb. “you.”
e To which popular belief relegated those who died uncircumcised or by the sword; cf. v. 18.
f Cf. Aramaic ’abulla, “gate.”
g Heb. “arm.”
a-a Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
b Heb. “your.”
c-c Septuagint reads “captives.”
d Presumably the twelfth month; cf. v. 1.
e Construction of these verses uncertain.
f-f Cf. 31.18 ff. and note e on 31.14.
g Emendation yields “shields.”
h-h Emendation yields “because he struck terror in the land of the living, Pharaoh.”
a-a Heb. “it.”
b Cf. Lev. 18.5.
c-c Or “in spite of them,” i.e., his righteous deeds.
d-d Meaning of Heb. uncertain. Lit. “as a people come, and sit before you as My people.”
e-e Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
f I.e., the punishment predicted.
a I.e., rulers.
b Septuagint and Vulgate, reading the Hebrew consonants with different vowels, translate “milk.”
c Several ancient versions read “guard.”
d-d Lit. “water that has settled.”
e-e Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
f Cf. 36.30.
a-a Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
b-b Meaning of Heb. uncertain; emendation yields “and the LORD heard it.”
c-c Emendation yields “and spoke arrogantly.”
a-a Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
b I.e., Israel and Judah; cf. 37.15–22.
c Many mss. read “be bereaved”; cf. vv. 13–14.
d-d Lit. “the nations they came to.”
e I.e., the exile of Israel was taken by the nations to be evidence of the LORD’s weakness.
a-a Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
b Lit. “dwelling place.”
a I.e., with Gog.
b Septuagint reads “Me.”
c-c Septuagint reads “rouse yourself.”
d-d Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
a-a Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
b Lit. “chariots”; Septuagint reads “riders.”
c Change of diacritical point yields “forget.”
a I.e., the exile of King Jehoiachin; see 1.2.
b Cf. Isa. 2.1; Mic. 4.1.
c-c Septuagint reads “in the distance.”
d In this description, the Hebrew word which ordinarily corresponds to English “width” sometimes designates a measurement from an opening or outer surface inward, and so corresponds to the English “depth”; and the word which ordinarily corresponds to English “length” designates the distance from side to side of a vestibule or a passage, and so corresponds to the English “width.”
e-e Meaning of Heb. uncertain.
f This verse would read well before v. 7.
g In connection with recesses, the “supports” are partitions.
h The opening was perhaps narrowed by a stone on each side for receiving the hinge of a door-leaf.
i Since each of the recesses was 6 cubits deep (v. 7a) and the passage in the middle was 13 cubits wide (v. 11).
j Elim here is the same as elam in vv. 16, 21, 22, etc.
k The outer court and its gates were 8 steps lower than the inner ones: v. 34.
l-l In this rendering, the adjectives “lower” and “inner” are construed, not with the nouns they stand next to in the Hebrew, but with those with which they agree in gender.
m-m Septuagint reads “at its inner end.”
n-n Connection unclear; wanting in some Heb. mss. and versions.
o I.e., in the inner gates the vestibules were situated at their entrances, and so they were true vestibules, in contrast to the “inner vestibules” of the outer gates.
p Septuagint reads “vestibules”; cf. vv. 31, 34.
q Heb. “gates”; the reference is apparently to the north gate; cf. v. 40 and Lev. 1.11; 4.24; 7.2.
r-r Emendation yields “the vestibule at.”
s See v. 39.
t-t This clause would read well after v. 43.
u-u Septuagint reads “two chambers.”
v Septuagint reads “south.”
w I.e., the edges of the flanking walls.
x-x Preserved in the Septuagint.
y See note on v. 5.
z Septuagint reads “12”; see note j on 41.13.
aa-aa Septuagint reads “it was reached by ten steps.”
a See note on 40.5.
b This sense is demanded by the context; usually, ohel means “tent.”
c-c Preserved in the Septuagint.
d I.e., on the ground level; cf. v. 7.
e Lit. “times.” Emendation yields “in three sections of three tiers each,” i.e., one section next to each of the two side walls of the Temple and one next to its rear wall; cf. v. 7.
f-f So Targum; cf. Mishnab Tamid 1.1.
g-g Exact meaning of Heb. uncertain, but for the general sense cf. 1 Kings 6.6a, 8b.
h See