I have to thank Professor Dr. Laurenz Müllner for the great assistance he has given me, and Professor Dr. Friedrich Jodl for the kindly interest he has taken in my work from the beginning. I am specially indebted to the kind friends who have helped me with correction of the proofs.
CONTENTS
Author’s Preface to the First German Edition
FIRST OR PREPARATORY PART
SEXUAL COMPLEXITY
Introduction
On the development of general conceptions — Male and female — Contradictions — Transitional forms — Anatomy and natural endowment — Uncertainty of anatomy
CHAPTER I
Males and Females
Embryonic neutral condition — Rudiments in the adult — Degrees of “gonochorism” — Principle of intermediate forms — Male and female — Need for typical conceptions — Resumé — Early anticipations
CHAPTER II
Male and Female Plasmas
Position of sexuality — Steenstrup’s view adopted — Sexual characters — Internal secretions — Idioplasm — Arrhenoplasm — Thelyplasm — Variations — Proofs from the effects of castration — Transplantation and transfusion — Organotherapy — Individual differences between cells — Origin of intermediate sexual conditions — Brain — Excess of male births — Determination of sex — Comparative pathology
CHAPTER III
The Laws of Sexual Attraction
Sexual preference — Probability of these being controlled by a law — First formula — First interpretation — Proofs — Heterostylism — Interpretation of heterostylism — Animal kingdom — Further laws — Second formula — Chemotaxis — Resemblances and differences — Goethe, “elective affinities” — Marriage and free love — Effects on progeny
CHAPTER IV
Homo-sexuality and Pederasty
Homo-sexuals as intermediate forms — Inborn or acquired, healthy or diseased? — A special instance of the law of attraction — All men have the rudiments of homo-sexuality — Friendship and sexuality — Animals — Failure of medical treatment — Homo-sexuality, punishment and ethics — Distinction between homo-sexuality and pederasty
CHAPTER V
The Science of Character and the Science of Form
Principle of sexually intermediate forms as fundamental principle of the psychology of individuals — Simultaneity or periodicity? — Methods of psychological investigation — Examples — Individualised education — Conventionalising — Parallelism between morphology and characterology — Physiognomy and the principles of psycho-physics — Method of the doctrine of variation — A new way of stating the problem — Deductive morphology — Correlation — Outlook
CHAPTER VI
Emancipated Women
The woman question — Claim for emancipation and maleness — Emancipation and homo-sexuality — Sexual preferences of emancipated women — Physiognomy of emancipated women — Other celebrated women — Femaleness and emancipation — Practical rules[xvii] — Genius essentially male — Movements of women in historical times — Periodicity — Biology and the conception of history — Outlook of the woman movement — Its fundamental error
SECOND OR PRINCIPAL PART
THE SEXUAL TYPES
CHAPTER I
Man and Woman
Bisexuality and unisexuality — Man or woman, male or female — Fundamental difficulty in characterology — Experiment, analysis of sensation and psychology — Dilthey — Conception of empirical character — What is and what is not the object of psychology — Character and individuality — Problem of characterology and the problem of the sexes
CHAPTER II
Male and Female Sexuality
The problem of a female psychology — Man as the interpreter of female psychology — Differences in the sexual impulse — The absorbing and liberating factors — Intensity and activity — Sexual irritability of women — Larger field of the sexual life in woman — Local differences in the perception of sexuality — Local and periodical cessation of male sexuality — Differences in the degrees of consciousness of sexuality
CHAPTER III
Male and Female Consciousness
Sensation and feeling — Avenarius’ division into “element” and “character” — These inseparable at the earliest stage — Process of “clarification” — Presentiments — Grades of understanding — Forgetting — Paths and organisation — Conception of “henids” — The henid as the simplest, psychical datum — Sexual [xviii]differences in the organisation of the contents of the mind — Sensibility — Certainty of judgment — Developed consciousness as a male character
CHAPTER IV
Talent and Genius
Genius and talent — Genius and giftedness — Methods — Comprehension of many men — What is meant by comprehending men — Great complexity of genius — Periods in psychic life — No disparagement of famous men — Understanding and noticing — Universal consciousness of genius — Greatest distance from the henid stage — A higher grade of maleness — Genius always universal — The female devoid of genius or of hero-worship — Giftedness and sex
CHAPTER V
Talent and Memory
Organisation and the power of reproducing thoughts — Memory of experiences a sign of genius — Remarks and conclusions — Remembrance and apperception — Capacity for comparison and acquisition — Reasons for the masculinity of music, drawing and painting — Degrees of genius — Relation of genius to ordinary men — Autobiography — Fixed ideas — Remembrance of personal creations — Continuous and discontinuance memory — Continuity and piety — Past and present — Past and future — Desire for immortality — Existing psychological explanations — True origin — Inner development of man until death — Ontogenetic psychology or theoretical biography — Woman lacking in the desire for immortality — Further extension of relation of memory to genius — Memory and time — Postulate of timelessness — Value as a timeless quality — First law of the theory of value — Proofs — Individuation and duration constituents of value — Desire for immortality a special case — Desire for immortality in genius connected with timelessness, by his universal memory and the duration of his creations — Genius and history — Genius and nations — Genius and language — Men of action and men of science, not to be called men of genius — Philosophers, founders of religion and artists have genius
CHAPTER VI
Memory, Logic and Ethics
Psychology and “psychologismus” — Value of memory — Theory of memory — Doctrines of practice and of association — Confusion with recognition — Memory peculiar to man — Moral significance — Lies — Transition to logic — Memory and the principle of identity — Memory and the syllogism — Woman non-logical and non-ethical — Intellectual and moral knowledge — The intelligible ego
CHAPTER VII
Logic, Ethics and the Ego
Critics of the conception of the Ego — Hume: Lichtenberg, Mach — The ego of Mach and biology — Individuation and individuality — Logic and ethics as witnesses for the existence of the ego — Logic — Laws of identity and of contraries — Their use and significance — Logical axioms as the laws of essence — Kant and Fichte — Freedom of thought and freedom of the will — Ethics — Relation to logic — The psychology of the Kantian ethics — Kant and Nietzsche
CHAPTER VIII
The “I” Problem and Genius
Characterology and the belief in the “I” — Awakening of the ego — Jean Paul, Novalis, Schelling — The awakening of the ego and the view of the world — Self-consciousness and arrogance — The view of the genius to be more highly valued than that of other men — Final statements as to the idea of genius — The personality of the genius as the perfectly-conscious microcosm — The naturally-synthetic activity of genius — Significant and symbolical — Definition of the genius in relation to ordinary men — Universality as freedom — Morality or immorality of genius? — Duties towards self and others — What duty to another is — Criticism of moral sympathy and social ethics — Understanding of other men as the one requirement[xx] of morality and knowledge — I and thou — Individualism and universalism — Morality only in monads — The man of greatest genius as the most moral man — Why man is ζωον πολιτικον — Consciousness and morality — The great criminal — Genius as duty and submission — Genius and crime — Genius and insanity — Man as his own creator
CHAPTER IX
Male and Female Psychology
Soullessness of woman — History of this knowledge — Woman devoid of genius — No masculine women in the true sense — The unconnectedness of woman’s nature due to her want of an ego — Revision of the henid-theory — Female “thought” — Idea and object — Freedom of the object — Idea and judgment — Nature of judgment — Woman and truth as a criterion of thought — Woman and logic — Woman non-moral, not immoral — Woman and solitude — Womanly sympathy and modesty — The ego of women — Female vanity — Lack of true self-appreciation — Memory for compliments — Introspection and repentance — Justice and jealousy — Name and individuality — Radical difference between male and female mental life — Psychology with and without soul — Is psychology a science? — Soul and psychology — Problem of the influence of the psychical sexual characters of the male or the female
CHAPTER X
Motherhood and Prostitution
Special characterology of woman — Mother and prostitute — Relation of two types to the child — Woman polygamous — Analogies between motherhood and sexuality — Motherhood and the race — Maternal love ethically indifferent — The prostitute careless of the race — The prostitute, the criminal and the conqueror — Emperor and prostitute — Motive of the prostitute — Coitus an end in itself — Coquetry — The sensations of the woman in coitus in relation to the rest of her life — The prostitute as the enemy — The friend of life and its enemy — No prostitution amongst animals — Its origin a mystery
CHAPTER XI
Erotics and Æsthetics
Women, and the hatred of women — Erotics and sexuality — Platonic love — The idea of love — Beauty of women — Relation to sexual impulse — Love and beauty — Difference between æsthetics, logic and ethics — Modes of love — Projection phenomena — Beauty and morality — Nature and ethics — Natural and artistic beauty
