Epictetus, Greek Stoic philosopher ( 60 ?- 100 ?), 252 , 253 , 259 , 260
-261, 262 , 263 -265, 267 , 277 , 286 ; quoted, 241 , 263 , 264
Epicureanism, 170 , 240 , 251 , 252 , 276 , 277 , 288 , 297 , 370 , 537 ;
founded, 218 , 230
Epicurus, Greek philosopher ( 342?-270? B.C.), 64 , 66 , 240 -251, 256 ,
358 , 391 , 761 ; and utilitarians, 776 , 777 ; quoted, 242 -245, 247
epicycles, 530
Epimenides, Cretan philosopher, prophet, and poet (fl. 7th cent. B.C.),
326
Epi irus, 261 , 343
episcopate, 395 , 396 -397. See also bishops
epistemology, 702 , 713 , 716 , 760 . See also theory of knowledge
equality, 139 , 140 ; of man, in ancient philosophy, 114 , 174 , 189 , 191 , 270 ; of man, in modern philosophy, 183 , 550 , 597 , 695 , 726 -727, 729
, 765 , 775 , 776 ; of women, 111 , 723
Erasmus, Desiderius (Gerhard Gerhards), Dutch scholar ( 1466?1536),
512 -517, 518 , 523 ; quoted, 514 , 515 , 517
Erasmus ( Huizinga), 513 *
Erastianism, 363
Erastus. See Lüber
Eratosthenes, Greek astronomer (fl. 3rd cent. B. C.), 216 , 223
Erigena, Johannes Scotus. See John the Scot
Erinys, 44
Eros, 19
error (s), 822 ; in Aristotle, 161 , 197 -199, 201 -202; in Platonic theory
of ideas, 126
eschatology, 363 , 364
Essais philosopbiqueas ( Descartes), 561
Essay Concerning Human Understanding ( Locke), 604 -617; “Of Enthusiasm,” 607 ; “Of Reason,” 607 -608; “Of Degrees of Assent,” 608 -609; Of General Terms,” 610 ; “Of the Names of Substances,” 610 -611
Essay on Man ( Pope), 371
Essay on Miracles ( Hume), 660
Essays on Government ( Locke), 633
essence, 126 , 144 , 146 , 293 , 294 , 405 , 467 , 468 , 586 , 610 -611; and Aquinas, 455 , 457 , 467 ; and Aristotle, 164 -165, 166 , 167 , 170 , 200
-201
essences, 136 , 139 , 140 , 141
Essenes, 315 *
Essex ( Robert Devereux), 2 nd Earl of, ( 1567-1601), 541
Este, Italian princely family (fl. 996-1803), 582
Esthonia, 634
eternity, 37 , 46 , 144 -145, 292 , 758 , 820
ethic(s), 79 , 116 , 117 -118, 306 , 378 -380, 729 , 778 779, 834 ; and Aquinas, 458 -460; aristocratic, 768 ; and Aristotle, 132 , 172 184, 205 ; and Bentham, 777 ; Christian, 92 , 205 , 297 ; contemplative ideal in, 34 ; and differences between Continental and British philosophy, 644 647; and Epicurus, 245 ; and good of community, 711 ; Greek, 33 -34, 42 , 63 , 72 , 92 , 297 ; and Hegel, 735 , 736 , 743 , 827 ; in Hellenistic world, 228 ; and Helvétius, 722 ; and James, 814 -815; Jewish, 319 , 320 , 321 ; and Kant, 268 , 710 -712; and Locke, 613 -617, 627 ; and Marx, 788 ; and More, 521 ; and Nietzsche, 42 , 760 , 762 763, 764 , 769 , 770 ; “noble,” 644 -645; and Plato, 106 , 132 , 358 ; in Roman world, 476 ; romantic, 682 ; and Rousseau, 687 ; and Schopenhauer, 756 -757, 760 ; and Socrates, 73 , 91 , 106 ; and Spinoza, 569 , 570 -577, 578 ; and Stoicism,
252 , 258 , 266 -269; and utilitarians, 704 , 779
Ethics ( Aristotle). See Nicomachean Ethics
Ethics ( Spinoza), 569 -580, 582
Ethiopians, 40
Ethiopic language, 318
Etna, 53 , 362
Eton, 221 â€
Euclid, Greek geometer (fl. ca. 300 B.C.), 147 , 211 212, 223 , 234 , 439 , 464 , 547 , 572 , 615 , 714 , 716 ; influence of, 36 -37; and theory of proportion, 210 , 211 , See also Elements
Eudoxus, Greek astronomer and mathematician ( 408?-355? B.C.), 210 ,
211
Eugene, Prince of Savoy, Austrian general ( 16631736), 583
Eugenius; usurper in Roman Empire (fl. ca. 394), 338
Eugenius IV, Pope (reigned 1431-1447), 484 , 498
eunuchs, 327
Euphrates, 4 , 271
Euripides, Greek dramatist (fl. 5th cent. B.C.), 15 , 19 , 20 , 58 -59, 62 ,
80 , 87 , 185 , 546 ; quoted, 17
Europe, 223 , 402 , 618 , 620 , 622 , 782 , 789 . See also Western Europe
Eustochium, convert of St. Jerome, 341 -342
Euthydemus ( Plato), 75 76
Euxine Sea, 231
Evagrius (surnamed Scholasticus), Byzantine church historian
( 536?600? ), quoted, 374
Evans, Sir Arthur, English archeologist ( 18511941), 6 , 7
Eve, 324 , 360 , 365 , 556 , 619
events, 832 , 833
evidence, 140 , 467 , 787
evil, 133 , 148 , 239 , 292 , 296 , 350 , 351 , 404 , 574 ; and Aquinas, 457 , 458 , 459 ; and Boethius, 370 , 371 ; and Gnosticism, 291 ; and Leibniz, 589 , 590 ; and Persian dualism, 476 ; Zoroastrian and Manichæan view
of, 325
evolution, 624 , 725 -727; and Bergson, 792 -793; and Dewey, 820 ; in Godhead, 45 ; in Greek philosophy, 27 , 54 , 167 , 169 ; of ideas, 643 ;
and Locke, 633 ; and politics, 511
excess, 21
exclusiveness, 312
executive, 630 , 637 -639, 697 , 699 , 712
Exeter, 394
exhaustion, 210
existence, 787 , 831 ; and Aquinas, 455 -456, 462 ; and Kant, 708 , 709 ; and Leibniz, 586 , 594 ; and Locke, 702 ; and Plato, 152 -155, 157 ; and
Socrates, 136 ; struggle for, 725 , 726 , 780
ex-Kaiser. See William II
experience, 140 , 609 -610, 652 , 672 , 674 , 706 , 707 , 713 , 714 , 813
-814, 832
experiment, 137 , 464 , 465 , 822
extension, 571
extinction, 756
“Eye of Bel,” 227
Ezekiel, Hebrew prophet, 310 ; quoted, 311
Ezra, Jewish priest, 310 , 312 , 313 , 321 ; quoted, 312
Ezzelino da Romano, Ghibelline tyrant in Italy ( 1194-1259), 750
fact(s), 93 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 154 , 528 , 578 , 706 , 826 , 828
faith and works, 524
falling bodies, 527 , 532 , 535
False Decretals, 391
family, 111 -112, 173 , 185 , 186 , 188
Far East, 220 , 524
Farabi, al- (Muhammed ibn-Muhammed ibnTarhkan abu-Nasr alFarebi),
Arab philosopher ( 870-?-950), 465
Farfa, 411
Fascism, 729 , 770 , 785 , 790
fate, 11 , 114 , 227 , 357 , 827
Fathers of the Church, 132 , 260 , 301 , 308 , 326 , 336 , 374 , 406 , 437 ,
452
Faustina, wife of Emperor Marcus Aurelius ( 125775
Faustus, Manichæan bishop (contemporary of St. Augustine), 349
fear, 574
feeling, 792 , 834
feminism, 14 , 19
Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, Castile, Naples, and Sicily ( 1452-1516),
499 , 555
Ferrara, Council of, 478 , 484 , 501
fertility cults, 5 , 11 , 13 , 14
“Fête de l’Etre Suprême,” worship of the Supreme Being inaugurated
by Robespierre (May-June, 1794), 692
feudal aristocracy, 302 , 304 , 389 , 486 , 491 , 555
feudalism, 303 , 306 , 337 *, 397 , 409 , 415 , 429 , 433 , 496 , 788
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas, German philosopher ( 1804-1872), 783
few, the, 183 , 729 , 762
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, German philosopher ( 1762-1814), 492 , 600 , 704 , 750 , 754 , 755 , 828 ; influence of, 642 , 703 , 721 , 773 , 790 ; and
subjectivism, 494 , 703 , 718 ; quoted, 718
Fielding, Henry, English novelist ( 1707-1754), 678
Fifth Monarchy Men, 363
fifth and sixth centuries, 366 -375
Filmer, Sir Robert, English political writer (d. 1653), 617 -623, 629 ;
quoted, 618 , 619
final cause, 67
Firdousi, Persian epic poet (fl. ca. 941), 423
fire 28 , 62 , 68 , 71 , 72 , 144 147, 206 , 207 , 254 , 255 , 257 ; as element, 27 , 43 , 55 ; and Heraclitus, 41 -44, 46 , 253 ; and Pythagoras,
213 , 214 ; scientific conception of, 47
First Cause, 168 , 455 , 586 , 587
First Mover, 549 *
First Letter on Toleration ( Locke), 604
First World War, 789 , 820
fittest, 54 , 725 , 726 , 780
Five Stages of Greek Religion ( Murray), 11 *, 227 *, 231 *†, 241 ‡
Flanders, 479 , 480
Fleet Street, 678
flesh and spirit, 302 , 303
Flood, 465
Florence, 482 , 496 , 497 498, 504 , 505 , 769
Florentine Academy, 501
flux, 41 , 43 , 44 -47, 151 -152, 153 , 158 , 786 , 801
force, 216 , 217 , 535 , 539 ; centrifugal, 54 ; Locke on use of, 638
Ford cars, 636
form(s), 136 , 467 ; end Aristotle, 162 , 165 -167, 170 , 171 , 205 , 293 , 458 ; in Platonic theory of ideas, 121 -122
fortune, 224 , 227
Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon, French physicist ( 1819-1868), 540
Foulques, Guy de, papal legate in England (fl. ca. 1258), 463
Fountains Abbey, 411
France, 162 , 229 , 278 , 366 , 441 , 547 , 603 , 659 , 675 , 703 , 753 ; and Albigenses, 442 , 446 , 448 ; and Arabs, 305 ; British empiricist philosophy in, 721 ; and Byron, 750 -751; and checks and balances, 639
-640; and Chrisfianity, 390 ; and Church, 430 , 441 ; and Descartes, 563 ; feudal disorders in, 397 ; and Germany, 720 , 738 , 752 ; and Inquisition, 449 ; and Italy, 496 , 500 , 507 ; John the Scot in, 400 , 401 , 402 -403; landholding in, 634 ; and liberalism, 101 , 599 -600; and Locke, 601 , 605 , 641 ; and Marx, 782 , 783 ; and middle class, 486 ; and monarchy, 304 , 393 , 554 , 555 ; and Normans, 395 , 399 , 407 ; and papacy, 304 , 469 , 479 , 480
