Soissons, 437
solar system, 641 , 705
Soliloquia (St. Augustine), 355
solipsism, 656 , 703 , 718
solitude, 681 , 682
Solomon, 309 , 317
Solon, Athenian lawgiver ( 638?-559? B.C.), 59 , 60 , 119 , 508 , 511
Somersetshire, 386
Song of Solomon, 342
Sophia, 324
Sophist, The ( Plato), 55 , 76
Sophistici Elenchi ( Aristotle), 440
Sophists, 59 -60, 64 -65, 68 , 73 -80, 82 , 86 , 116 , 233
Sophocles, Greek dramatist ( 496?-406 B.C.), 19 , 58 , 80
Soracte, 391
Sorbonne, 690 *, 722
Sorel, Georges, French syndicalist and author ( 1847-1922), 791
Sorrows of Lord George ( Byron), 751
Sorrows of Werther, The ( Goethe), 751
soul, 4 , 327 , 458 , 465 , 474 475, 571 , 583 , 584 , 663 , 812 ; and Aristotle, 165 , 168 , 169 -172, 173 , 293 , 458 , 562 , 568 ; and St. Augustine, 346 , 351 , 359 , 361 , 362 , 365 366; and Averroes, 426 , 453 ; and body, 4 , 23 33 , 134 , 170 -172; and Cartesians, 561 -562, 565 , 568 ; in Christian theology, 346 ; and Epicurus, 246 -247; and Greeks, 17 , 18 , 19 , 23 , 28 , 40 , 42 , 66 , 71 , 72 ; and Plato, 225 , 134 , 137 -242, 144 , 145 , 147 -148, 173 , 253 ; and Plotinus, 286 , 288 -294, 295 ; and Pythagoras, 31 , 32 , 33 , 141 ; and Reformation, 523 ; and Socrates, 89 , 134 -135, 236 ,
138 -142; and Stoics, 253 , 258 , 259 . See also immortality; resurrection; transmigration
:sounds, 152 , 157 , 650 , 654
sour grapes, 269
South America, 538 , 739 , 809
South Russia, 322
South Sea Islands, 633
Southern France, 439
Southern Italy, 305 , 395 , 397 , 412 , 419 ; Greeks in, 8 , 9 , 23 , 29 , 30 ,
32 , 40 , 48 , 55 , 58 , 118
Southey, Robert, English poet ( 1774-1843), 680
sovereignty, 551 -554
Soviet Russia, 634 , 719 , 820
space, 36 , 65 , 69 -70, 130 , 467 , 654 , 669 , 731 , 757 ; and Bergson, 794 -796, 799 , 800 -803, 809 ; and Kant, 707 , 708 , 712 -718, 755 ; and Leibniz, 70 , 71 , 584 ; modern views on, 70 -71, 716 ; and Newton, 70 , 71 , 540 , 715 ; and Plato, 121 , 146 , 148 ; and quantum theory, 833 ; and time, and principle of individuation, 467 -468
space-time, 156 , 540 , 832
Spain, 29 , 30 , 119 , 259 , 271 , 297 , 382 , 439 , 569 , 603 , 623 ; Arians in, 334 -335; under Charles V, 555 , 720 ; conquests of, in America, 4 , 620 ; and Counter-Reformation, 522 , 523 , 524 ; feared, 598 ; and Inquisition, 449 ; and Italy, 493 , 496 , 499 , 500 , 507 ; and Jews, 323 , 427 428, 449 ; missionaries of, 368 ; and Mohammedans, 275 , 282 , 283 , 305 , 399 , 419 , 420 , 421 , 423 , 425 , 427 ; and papacy, 498 ; rise of
strong national monarchy in, 304 , 393 ; and Rome, 282
Sparta, 8 , 9 , 10 , 13 , 58 , 79 , 271 , 763 ; and Athens, 13 *, 60 , 61 , 79 , 80 -81, 81 ; influence of, 94 -104; and Machiavelli, 508 , 511 ; and Plato,
104 , 105 , 115 , 118 ; and Rousseau, 687 , 695
spatio-temporal relations, 664
specialization, in Hellenistic world, 223 , 224
Spengler, Oswald, German philosopher of history ( 1880-1936), 735
spermatozoa, 536
Sphaerus, Stoic philosopher (fl. ca. 300-250 B.C.), 269
Spinoza, Baruchor Benedict, Dutch Jewish philosopher ( 1634-1677), 37 , 286 , 444 , 569 -580, 581 , 755 , 767 , 786 , 828 ; and Descartes, 561 , 570 , 571 ; and ethics, 569 , 570 -577, 578 , 580 , 644 ; and God, 123 , 168 , 405 *, 569 , 571 , 572 , 573 -577, 644 ; and Hegel, 494 , 731 , 735 , 742 ; in Holland, 559 , 569 ; influence of, 642 ; and Leibniz, 569 , 582 , 583 , 584 , 586 , 593 ; and logic, 572 , 578 , 595 ; and Maimonides, 323 , 428 ; pantheism of, 353 , 571 ; and State, 570 , 739 ; and subiectivism, 493 ; and
substance, 571 , 578 , 583 , 591 ; quoted, 572 -578, 580
spirit, 288 , 289 , 302 , 303 , 325 , 328 , 797 , 798 ; and Hegel, 734 , 736 ,
737 , 740 , 784
Spirituals, 450 , 468
Spoleto, 377
square root of 2 , 209
Stagirite. See Aristotle
Stagyra, 160
Stalin, Joseph (Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili), Marshal, Russian
political leader (b. 1879), 642 , 820
stars, 26 , 63 , 212 , 257 , 292 , 527 , 349 , 371 , 527 ; and Aristarchus, 215
; and Aristotle, 207 ; and Plotinus, 291 , 296 , 297
State(s), 34 , 179 , 491 , 556 , 640 , 727 , 744 , 780 , 789 ; alternative to anarchy, 555 , 556 -557; and St. Ambrose, 335 , 336 ; and Aristotle, 161 , 185 -186, 188 , 192 -194; Athenian, 59 , 133 ; becomes Christian, 329 , 332 ; Corporate, 699 ; dictatorial, 600 ; and Fascism or Nazism, 98 , 770 , 785 ; and Fichte, 704 ; and Hegel, 704 , 739 -742, 743 , 744 ; and Hobbes, 546 , 555 ; Jewish, 313 , 363 ; Kant recommends federation of, 712 ; and Locke, 628 , 640 ; and Macedonians, 230 ; and Machiavelli, 546 ; and Marxism, 785 ; modem, 107 , 177 , 491 ; and Nietzsche, 763 ; and Origen, 329 ; and Plato, 106 , 107 , 108 , 112 , 115 , 118 , 119 , 188 ; and Protestants, 470 , 523 , 524 , 560 ; religion, in antiquity, 5 , 19 , 22 , 31 , 239 , 261 ; and Rousseau, 694 701; and Socrates, 83 , 85 , 87 , 88 , 151 ; Spartan, 95 , 96 , 98 ; universal, 282 ; world, 741 , 742 . See also Church; totalitarianism
state of nature, 623 -629, 640 , 688 , 695 , 696
States of the Church, 109 , 391
Statue of Liberty, 156
stellar parallax, 527
Stendhal (pseudonym of Marie Henri Beyle), French novelist ( 17831842),
750
Stephen III, Pope (reigned 752 -757), 390
Stephen IX, Pope (reigned 1057-1058), 412
Steyr, 513
Stoa, Die ( Barth), 258 *â€
Stockholm, 560
Stoic and Epicurean Philosopbers, The ( Oates), 243 *, 263 *†‡
Stoic Philosophy, The ( Murray), 253 *
Stoicism, 218 , 230 , 232 , 242 , 252 -270, 297 , 326 , 357 , 579 ; and Academy, 238 , 253 , 259 ; and Boethius, 370 ; and brotherhood of man, 263 , 264 , 282 ; and Christianity, 257 , 259 , 260 , 264 , 265 , 268 , 270 , 308 ; cosmopolitan, 220 , 785 ; and determinism, 254 , 257 , 266 ; and Epicureanism, 240 , 241 *, 251 , 252 ; and ethics, 252 , 258 , 266 , 268 ; and Fathers of the Church, 301 , 370 ; and God, 254 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 267 , 291 ; and individualism, 598 ; and Jews, 317 ; and majority, 177 ; and materialism, 252 , 253 , 258 ; and Philo, 322 ; and Plato, 252 , 253 , 257 , 259 , 264 -265, 269 ; and Plotinus, 288 ; and politics, 230 , 276 ; in Rome, 252 , 258 , 259 -270, 276 -277; and Socrates, 91 , 253 , 255 ; and soul, 253 , 258 , 293 ; and Spinoza, 575 ; and theology, 266 , 296 ; and virtue, 254 -256, 257 , 266 -268
Stoics and Sceptics ( Bevan), 40 *, 234 *, 259 *
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, American novelist ( 18121896), 763
Strachey, Lytton, English historical writer ( 18801932), 541
Stratford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, English statesman ( 1593-1641),
547 , 555
Stridon, 341
strife, 42 , 43 -44, 55 -56, 57 , 114
Strindberg, August, Swedish playwright and novelist ( 1849-1912), 682
struggle for existence, 725 , 726 , 780
Smarts, English royal house (fl. 17th cent.), 340 *, 603 , 620 , 621 , 637
subject, 153 , 783 -784; and object, 663 , 809 , 812
Subjective Idea, 734
subjectivity, subjecrivism, 230 , 233 , 296 -297, 354 355, 493 -494, 564 ,
701 -703, 708 , 712 , 713 , 785 , 818
sublunary world, 203 , 206 , 207 , 428
substance, 70 , 145 , 201 202, 591 , 609 , 655 , 708 , 736 , 832 ; and Aristotle, 163 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 170 , 198 , 200 ; and Descartes, 571 , 591 ; and early Greek philosophy, 26 -27, 28 , 41 , 46 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 62 , 70 ; and Hume, 662 , 663 ; and Leibniz, 583 , 591 ; and pririnciple of
individuaon, 468 ; and Spinoza, 571 , 578 , 591
success, 510
succession, and causality, 667 , 670
Suez, 368
suffering, 756
