chih-hsing ho-i Chinese term for the Confucian doctrine, propounded by Wang Yang-ming, of the unity of knowledge and action. The doctrine is sometimes expressed in terms of the unity of moral learning and action. A recent interpretation focuses on the non-contingent connection between prospective and retrospective moral knowledge or achievement. Noteworthy is the role of desire, intention, will, and motive in the mediation of knowledge and action as informed by practical reasonableness in reflection that responds to changing circumstances. Wang’s doctrine is best construed as an attempt to articulate the concrete significance of jen, the Neo- Confucian ideal of the universe as a moral community. A.S.C.