M’Naghten rule a rule in Anglo-American criminal law defining legal insanity for...

Mach Ernst (1838–1916), Austrian physicist and influential philosopher of science. He...

Mach’s principle See PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE.

Machiavelli Niccolò (1469–1527), the Italian political theorist commonly considered the most...

Machiavellianism See MACHIAVELLI.

Machine state See PHILOSOPHY OF MIND.

Machine state functionalism See PHILOSOPHY OF. MIN.

MacIntyre Alasdair (b.1929), British-American philosopher and eminent contemporary representative of Aristotelian...

Madhva (1238–1317), Indian philosopher who founded Dvaita Vedanta. His major works...

Madhyamika (Sanskrit, 'middle way'), a variety of Mahayana Buddhism that is...

Magnitude extent or size of a thing with respect to some...

Mahabharata See BHAGAVAD GITA.

Mahavira title ('Great Hero') of Vardhamana Jnatrputra (sixth century B.C.), Indian...

Mahayana Buddhism See BUDDHISM.

Maieutic See SOCRATES. Maimon, Salomon (1753–1800), Lithuanianborn German Jewish philosopher who...

Maimonides Latinized name of Moses ben Maimon (1135–1204), Spanish-born Jewish philosopher,...

Maistre, Joseph-Marie de See DE MAISTRE.

Major premise See SYLLOGISM.

Major term See SYLLOGISM.

Malcolm Norman (1911–90), American philosopher who was a prominent figure in...

Malebranche Nicolas (1638–1715), French philosopher and theologian, an important but unorthodox...

Mani See MANICHAEANISM.

Manichaeanism also Manichaeism, a syncretistic religion founded by the Babylonian prophet...

Manifest content See FREUD.

Manifold See KANT.

Mannheim Karl (1893–1947), Hungarian-born German social scientist best known for his...

Many questions, fallacy of See INFORMAL FALLACY.

Many-valued logic a logic that rejects the principle of bivalence: every proposition...

Mao Tse-tung (1893–1976), Chinese Communist leader, founder of the People's Republic of...

Marburg School See NEO-KANTIANISM.