PA See APPENDIX OF SPECIAL SYMBOLS.

pa See WANG, PA.

pacifism, (1) opposition to war, usually on moral or religious grounds,...

Paine Thomas (1737–1809), American political philosopher, revolutionary defender of democracy and...

Paley William, (1743–1805), English moral philosopher and theologian. He was born...

Panaetius See STOICISM.

panentheism See KRAUSE, PANTHEISM.

panlogism See HEGEL.

panpsychism the doctrine that the physical world is pervasively psychical, sentient...

Pantheismusstreit (German, 'dispute over pantheism'), a debate primarily between the German...

Paracelsus pseudonym of Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493–1541), Swiss chemist, physician,...

paraconsistency the property of a logic in which one cannot derive...

paradigm as used by Thomas Kuhn (The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,...

paradigm case argument an argument designed to yield an affirmative answer to the...

paradox a seemingly sound piece of reasoning based on seemingly true...

paradoxes, deontic See DEONTIC PARADOXES.

paradoxes, logical See SET -THEORETIC PARADOXES.

paradoxes, semantic See SEMANTIC PARADOXES.

paradoxes, set-theoretic See SET -THEORETIC PARA -. DOXE.

paradoxes of confirmation See CONFIRMATION.

paradoxes of material implication See IMPLICA -. TIO. paradoxes of omnipotence, a series of...

paradoxes of self-reference See RUSSELL, TYPE THE-. OR.

paradoxes of set theory See SET -THEORETIC PARA -. DOXES , SET THEOR.

paradoxes of strict implication See IMPLICATION.

paradox of analysis an argument that it is impossible for an analysis of...

paradox of omniscience an objection to the possibility of omniscience, developed by Patrick...

paradox of self-deception See SELF-DECEPTION.

paradox of the examination See UNEXPECTED EX -. AMINATION PARADO.

paradox of the heap See SORITES PARADOX.

paradox of the knower See DEONTIC PARADOXES.