Cousin Victor (1792–1867), French philosopher who set out to merge the French psychological tradition with the pragmatism of Locke and Condillac and the inspiration of the Scottish (Reid, Stewart) and German idealists (Kant, Hegel). His early courses at the Sorbonne (1815– 18), on ‘absolute’ values that might overcome materialism and skepticism, aroused immense enthusiasm. The course of 1818, Du Vrai, du Beau et du Bien (Of the True, the Beautiful, and the Good), is preserved in the Adolphe Garnier edition of student notes (1836); other early texts appeared in the Fragments philosophiques (Philosophical Fragments, 1826). Dismissed from his teaching post as a liberal (1820), arrested in Germany at the request of the French police and detained in Berlin, he was released after Hegel intervened (1824); he was not reinstated until 1828. Under Louis-Philippe, he rose to highest honors, became minister of education, and introduced philosophy into the curriculum. His eclecticism, transformed into a spiritualism and cult of the ‘juste milieu,’ became the official philosophy. Cousin rewrote his work accordingly and even succeeded in having Du Vrai (third edition, 1853) removed from the papal index. In 1848 he was forced to retire. He is noted for his educational reforms, as a historian of philosophy, and for his translations (Proclus, Plato), editions (Descartes), and portraits of ladies of seventeenth-century society. O.A.H. Couturat, Louis (1868–1914), French philosopher and logician who wrote on the history of philosophy, logic, philosophy of mathematics, and the possibility of a universal language. Couturat refuted Renouvier’s finitism and advocated an actual infinite in The Mathematical Infinite (1896). He argued that the assumption of infinite numbers was indispensable to maintain the continuity of magnitudes. He saw a precursor of modern logistic in Leibniz, basing his interpretation of Leibniz on the Discourse on Metaphysics and Leibniz’s correspondence with Arnauld. His epoch-making Leibniz’s Logic (1901) describes Leibniz’s metaphysics as panlogism. Couturat published a study on Kant’s mathematical philosophy (Revue de Métaphysique, 1904), and defended Peano’s logic, Whitehead’s algebra, and Russell’s logistic in The Algebra of Logic (1905). He also contributed to André Lalande’s Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie (1926). J.-L.S.