dravya in Indian philosophies, substance. In Nyaya-Vaishesika all living and non-living things are substances, possessors of qualities (gunas) and causes of effects. Substances come in nine varieties: earth, air, fire, water, ether, time, space, minds, and bodies. For Jainism, there are six types of substances: the principles of motion and rest, space, time, minds, and bodies. Each (except time) is extended and each (except bodies) is immaterial. Visistadvaita, claiming six sorts of substance, includes God as a substance, as does Dvaita, on which all other substances depend for existence. Typically, schools of Buddhism deny that there are any substances, holding that what appear to be such are only bundles of events or states. K.E.Y.