Fourier François-Marie-Charles (1772–1837), French social theorist and radical critic, often called a utopian socialist. His main works were The Theory of Universal Unity (1822) and The New Industrial and Societal World (1829). He argued that since each person has, not an integral soul but only a partial one, personal integrity is possible only in unity with others. Fourier thought that all existing societies were antagonistic. (Following Edenism, he believed societies developed through stages of savagery, patriarchalism, barbarianism, and civilization.) He believed this antagonism could be transcended only in Harmony. It would be based on twelve kinds of passions. (Five were sensual, four affective, and three distributive; and these in turn encouraged the passion for unity.) The basic social unit would be a phalanx containing 300– 400 families (about 1,600–1,800 people) of scientifically blended characters. As a place of production but also of maximal satisfaction of the passions of every member, Harmony should make labor attractive and pleasurable. The main occupations of its members should be gastronomy, opera, and horticulture. It should also establish a new world of love (a form of polygamy) where men and women would be equal in rights. Fourier believed that phalanxes would attract members of all other social systems, even the less civilized, and bring about this new world system. Fourier’s vision of cooperation (both in theory and experimental practice) influenced some anarchists, syndicalists, and the cooperationist movement. His radical social critique was important for the development of political and social thought in France, Europe, and North America. See also POLITICAL PHILOSOPH. G.Fl.