Fung Yu-lan (1895–1990), Chinese philosopher. He was educated at Peking University and earned his Ph.D. from Columbia University. His History of Chinese Philosophy was the first such complete history of high quality by a contemporary scholar. During World War II he attempted to reconstruct Chu Hsi’s philosophy in terms of the New Realism that he had learned from the West, and developed his own system of thought, a new philosophy of li (principle). After the Communist takeover in 1949, he gave up his earlier thought, denouncing Confucian philosophy during the Cultural Revolution. After the Cultural Revolution he changed his position again and rewrote his History of Chinese Philosophy in seven volumes. See also CHINESE PHILOSOPHY , CHU HS. S.-h.L.