Hsi K’ang (A.D.223–62), Chinese philosopher, a key representative of Neo-Taoism. Hsi K’ang’s philosophy centers on the concept of tzu-jan – naturalness or, literally, what is of itself so – which depicts the inherent order of the Taoist universe. Nature conforms to ‘necessary principles’ (pi-jan chih li); individuals receive an energy endowment (ch’i) at birth of varying richness that defines their nature and capacity. While endowment is inborn, self-cultivation directed at dispelling self-interest can substantially enhance one’s physical and spiritual well-being. In ethics and politics, Hsi K’ang thus advocates going beyond the orthodox teachings of Confucianism (ming-chiao), which emphasize learning, conformity, and tradition. Hsi is also famous for his musical theory that ‘sounds do not have sorrow or joy’ (sheng wu ai-lo): while sounds are naturally produced, emotions involve subjective and cognitive reactions. See also CH’I, NEO-TAO- IS. A.K.L.C.