Literature, philosophy of See PHILOSOPHY OF LITER -. ATUR. Liu Shao-ch’i (1898–1969), Chinese Communist leader. A close ally of Mao Tse-tung, he was purged near the end of his life when he refused to follow Mao’s radical approach during the Cultural Revolution, became an ally of the practical Teng Hsiao-ping, and was branded the biggest Capitalist Roader in China. In 1939 he delivered in Yenan the influential speech ‘How to Be a Good Communist,’ published in 1943 and widely studied by Chinese Communists. As he emphasized self-discipline, there appeared to be a Confucian dimension in his thought. The article was banned during the Cultural Revolution, and he was accused of teaching reactionary Confucianism in the revolutionary camp. He was later rehabilitated. See also MAO TSE-TUNG.
S.-h.L. Liu Tsung-chou, also called Ch’i-shan (1578– 1645), Chinese philosopher commonly regarded as the last major figure in Sung–Ming Neo-Confucianism. He opposed all sorts of dualist thoughts, including Chu Hsi’s philosophy. He was also not happy with some of Wang Yangming’s followers who claimed that men in the streets were all sages. He shifted the emphasis from rectification of the mind to sincerity of the will, and he gave a new interpretation to ‘watchful over the self’ in the Doctrine of the Mean. Among his disciples was the great intellectual historian Huang Tsung-hsi. See also CHU HSI, HUANG TSUNG -HSI , HU HUNG , NEO -CONFU – CIANISM , WANG YANG -MIN. S.-h.L.