Logical reconstruction See RATIONAL RECONSTRUC -. TIO. logical subject, in Aristotelian and traditional logic, the common noun, or sometimes the intension or the extension of the common noun, that follows the initial quantifier word (‘every’, ‘some’, ‘no’, etc.) of a sentence, as opposed to the grammatical subject, which is the entire noun phrase including the quantifier and the noun, and in some usages, any modifiers that may apply. The grammatical subject of ‘Every number exceeding zero is positive’ is ‘every number’, or in some usages, ‘every number exceeding zero’, whereas the logical subject is ‘number’, or the intension or the extension of ‘number’. Similar distinctions are made between the logical predicate and the grammatical predicate: in the above example, ‘is positive’ is the grammatical predicate, whereas the logical predicate is the adjective ‘positive’, or sometimes the property of being positive or even the extension of the word ‘positive’. In standard first-order logic the logical subject of a sentence under a given interpretation is the entire universe of discourse of the interpretation. See also GRAMMAR , LOGICAL FORM , SUBJECT, UNIVERSE OF DISCOURS. J.Cor.