Lu Hsiang-shan (1139–93), Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher, an opponent of Chu Hsi’s metaphysics. For Lu the mind is quite sufficient for realizing the Confucian vision of the unity and harmony of man and nature (t’ien-jen ho-i). While Chu Hsi focused on ‘following the path of study and inquiry,’ Lu stressed ‘honoring the moral nature (of humans).’ Lu is a sort of metaphysical idealist, as evident in his statement, ‘The affairs of the universe are my own affairs,’ and in his attitude toward the Confucian classics: ‘If in our study we know the fundamentals, then all the Six Classics [the Book of Odes, Book of History, Book of Rites, Book of Changes, the Chou-li, and the Spring and Autumn Annals] are my footnotes.’ The realization of Confucian vision is ultimately a matter of self-realization, anticipating a key feature of Wang Yang-ming’s philosophy. See also NEO-CONFUCIANIS. A.S.C.