Ayer A(lfred) J(ules) (1910–89), British philosopher, one of the most important...

B-series See TIME.

B-theory of time See TIME.

Babbage Charles (1792–1871), English applied mathematician, inventor, and expert on machinery...

Bachelard Gaston (1884–1962), French philosopher of science and literary analyst. His...

Backward causation See CAUSATION.

Bacon Francis (1561–1626), English philosopher, essayist, and scientific methodologist. In politics...

Bad faith (1) dishonest and blameworthy instances of self-deception; (2) inauthentic and...

Baden School See NEO-KANTIANISM.

Bain Alexander (1818–1903), British philosopher and reformer, biographer of James Mill...

Bakhtin Mikhail Mikhailovich (1895–1975), Russian philosopher and cultural theorist whose influence...

Bakunin Mikhail (1814–76), Russian revolutionary anarchist. He lived in Western Europe...

Balguy, John See HUTCHESON.

Bañez Domingo (1528–1604), Spanish Dominican theologian and philosopher. Born in Valladolid,...

Barbara See ARISTOTLE, SYLLOGISM.

Barber paradox See PARADOX.

Barcan formula See MODAL LOGIC.

Bare particular See METAPHYSICS.

Bargaining theory the branch of game theory that treats agreements, e.g., wage...

Base clause See MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION.

Base, supervenience See SUPERVENIENCE.

Basic action See ACTION THEORY.

Basic belief See BERKELEY, FOUNDATIONALISM,. LOGICAL POSITIVISM , PLANTING. basic norm, also...

Basic particular See STRAWSON.

Basic proposition See EPISTEMOLOGY.

Basic sentence See FOUNDATIONALISM.

Basic statement See FOUNDATIONALISM. Basilides (A.D. c.120–40), Syrian Christian gnostic teacher in...

Basing relation also called basis relation, the relation between a belief or...

Basis clause See MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION.

Basis relation See BASING RELATION. Bataille, Georges (1897–1962), French philosopher and novelist...