Baden School See NEO-KANTIANISM.

Bacon Francis (1561–1626), English philosopher, essayist, and scientific methodologist. In politics...

backward causation See CAUSATION.

Bachelard Gaston (1884–1962), French philosopher of science and literary analyst. His...

Babbage Charles (1792–1871), English applied mathematician, inventor, and expert on machinery...

Ayer A(lfred) J(ules) (1910–89), British philosopher, one of the most important...

axiom schema See TRANSFORMATION RULE.

bare particular See METAPHYSICS.

bargaining theory the branch of game theory that treats agreements, e.g., wage...

base, supervenience See SUPERVENIENCE.

base clause See MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION.

Barcan formula See MODAL LOGIC.

barber paradox See PARADOX.

Barbara See ARISTOTLE, SYLLOGISM.

Bañez Domingo (1528–1604), Spanish Dominican theologian and philosopher. Born in Valladolid,...

Balguy, John See HUTCHESON.

Bakunin Mikhail (1814–76), Russian revolutionary anarchist. He lived in Western Europe...

basis clause See MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION.

basis relation See BASING RELATION. Bataille, Georges (1897–1962), French philosopher and novelist...

Baumgarten Alexander Gottlieb (1714–62), German philosopher. Born in Berlin, he was...

Bayesian See BAYESIAN RATIONALITY, CONFIRMA -. TIO. Bayesian rationality, minimally, a...

basing relation also called basis relation, the relation between a belief or...

basic statement See FOUNDATIONALISM. Basilides (A.D. c.120–40), Syrian Christian gnostic teacher in...

basic sentence See FOUNDATIONALISM.

basic proposition See EPISTEMOLOGY.

basic particular See STRAWSON.

basic belief See BERKELEY, FOUNDATIONALISM,. LOGICAL POSITIVISM , PLANTING. basic norm, also...

basic action See ACTION THEORY.

Bayes’s theorem any of several relationships between prior and posterior probabilities or...

Bayle Pierre (1647–1706), French philosopher who also pioneered in disinterested, critical...