subsistence (translation of German Bestand), in current philosophy, especially Meinong's system,...

sub specie aeternitatis See SPINOZA. substance, as defined by Aristotle in the Categories,...

substance, primary See ARISTOTLE.

substance, secondary See ARISTOTLE.

substance causation See AGENT CAUSATION.

substance-function See T'I, YUNG.

substantial form See FORM, HYLOMORPHISM.

substantialism the view that the primary, most fundamental entities are substances,...

substantival causation See CAUSATION.

substantivalism See PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE.

substantive pluralism See PLURALISM.

substitutability salva veritate See SUBSTITUTIVITY. SALVA VERITAT.

substitutional quantification See QUANTIFICATION.

substitutivity salva veritate a condition met by two expressions when one is substitutable...

substrate See SUBSTANCE.

substratum See BERKELEY, SUBSTANCE.

subsumption theory of explanation See COVERING. LAW MODE.

sufficient condition See CONDITION.

sufficient reason, principle of See LEIBNIZ. Sufism (from Arabic fufi, 'mystic'), Islamic mysticism. The...

suicide, assisted See BIOETHICS.

summum bonum (Latin 'highest good'), that in relation to which all other things...

summum genus See GENUS GENERALISSIMUM.

Sung Hsing also called Sung Tzu (c.360–290 . .), Chinese philosopher associated...

sunyata (Sanskrit, 'emptiness'), a property said by some Indian Buddhist philosophers...

Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), Chinese statesman, founder of the Republic of China in...

superaltern See SQUARE OF OPPOSITION.

superego See FREUD.

supererogation the property of going beyond the call of duty. Supererogatory...

superman See NIETZSCHE.

supernaturalism See MIRACLE, NATURALISM, THEO -. LOGICAL NATURALIS.