bare particular See METAPHYSICS.

bargaining theory the branch of game theory that treats agreements, e.g., wage...

base, supervenience See SUPERVENIENCE.

base clause See MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION.

axiom schema See TRANSFORMATION RULE.

Ayer A(lfred) J(ules) (1910–89), British philosopher, one of the most important...

Babbage Charles (1792–1871), English applied mathematician, inventor, and expert on machinery...

Bachelard Gaston (1884–1962), French philosopher of science and literary analyst. His...

backward causation See CAUSATION.

Bacon Francis (1561–1626), English philosopher, essayist, and scientific methodologist. In politics...

Baden School See NEO-KANTIANISM.

bad faith (1) dishonest and blameworthy instances of self-deception; (2) inauthentic and...

Bain Alexander (1818–1903), British philosopher and reformer, biographer of James Mill...

Bakhtin Mikhail Mikhailovich (1895–1975), Russian philosopher and cultural theorist whose influence...

Avicenna in Arabic, Ibn Sina (980–1037), Islamic philosopher and physician. Born...

avidya Sanskrit word meaning 'ignorance', 'lack of wisdom'. Avidya is a...

awareness consciousness, a central feature of our lives that is notoriously...

axiology See VALUE THEORY.

axiom See AXIOMATIC METHOD.

axiomatic method originally, a method for reorganizing the accepted propositions and concepts...

axiomatic system See AXIOMATIC METHOD, DEDUC -. TIO.

axiom of abstraction See AXIOM OF COMPREHEN -. SIO.

axiom of choice See LÖWENHEIM -SKOLEM THEO -. REM , SET THEOR. axiom...

axiom of extensionality See SET THEORY.

axiom of infinity See SET THEORY.

axiom of reducibility See TYPE THEORY.

axiom of replacement See SET THEORY.

axiom of separation See AXIOM OF COMPREHEN -. SION , SET THEOR.

Averroes in Arabic, Ibn Rushd (1126–98), Islamic philosopher, jurist, and physician....

aversion therapy See BEHAVIOR THERAPY.