art, representational theory of See MIMESIS.

artifactuality See INSTITUTIONAL THEORY OF ART.

artificial intelligence also called AI, the scientific effort to design and build...

artificial language See FORMAL LANGUAGE, PHILOS-. OPHY OF LANGUAG. artificial life, an...

argumentum ad ignorantium See INFORMAL FAL -. LAC.

argumentum ad judicium See INFORMAL FALLACY.

argumentum ad misericordiam See INFORMAL FAL -. LAC.

argumentum ad populum See INFORMAL FALLACY.

argumentum consensus See INFORMAL FALLACY.

Arianism diverse but related teachings in early Christianity that subordinated the...

Aristippus of Cyrene See CYRENAICS. Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), preeminent Greek philosopher born in...

Aristotle, commentaries on See COMMENTARIES ON. ARISTOTL.

arithmetic hierarchy See HIERARCHY.

arity See DEGREE.

Arius See ARIANISM.

Arminianism See ARMINIUS.

Arminius Jacobus (1560–1609), Dutch theologian who, as a Dutch Reformed pastor...

Armstrong David M. (b.1926), Australian philosopher of mind and metaphysician, and...

argument, practical See PRACTICAL REASONING.

argument from analogy See PHILOSOPHY OF RELI -. GION , PROBLEM OF OTHER...

argument from authority See INFORMAL FALLACY.

argument from design See PHILOSOPHY OF RELI -. GIO.

argument from evil See PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION.

argument from hallucination See PERCEPTION.

argument from illusion See PERCEPTION.

argument (of a function) See MATHEMATICAL FUNC-. TIO.

argumentum ad baculum See INFORMAL FAL -. LAC.

argumentum ad hominem See INFORMAL FAL -. LAC.

arete ancient Greek term meaning 'virtue' or 'excellence'. In philosophical contexts,...

argument a sequence of statements such that some of them (the...