universal quantifier See FORMAL LOGIC.

universal relation See RELATION.

universal simulator See COMPUTER THEORY.

universe of discourse the usually limited class of individuals under discussion, whose existence...

unmoved mover See PRIME MOVER.

unsaturated See FREGE.

unsolvability, degree of See DEGREE OF UNSOLV -. ABILIT. Upanishads, a group of...

use–mention distinction two ways in which terms enter into discourse – used...

use theory of meaning See MEANING, PHILOSOPHY. OF LANGUAG. utilitarianism, the moral theory that...

utility See UTILITARIANISM.

utility, cardinal See UTILITARIANISM.

utility, ordinal See UTILITARIANISM.

utility, transferable See GAME THEORY, UTILITARI -. ANIS.

utility function See UTILITARIANISM.

Uttara Mimamsa See ADVAITA, VEDANTA.

utterer’s meaning See MEANING.

vacuous truth See IMPLICATION.

Vaihinger Hans (1852–1933), German philosopher best known for Die Philosophie des...

Vair, Guillaume du See DU VAIR.

Valentinianism a form of Christian gnosticism of Alexandrian origin, founded by...

Valentinus (A.D. 100–65), Christian gnostic teacher. He was born in Alexandria,...

valid having the property that a well-formed formula, argument, argument form,...

Valla Lorenzo (c.1407–57), Italian humanist and historian who taught rhetoric in...

value the worth of something. Philosophers have discerned these main forms:...

value, cognitive See FREGE.

value, contributive See VALUE.

value, inherent See VALUE.

value, instrumental See VALUE.

value, intrinsic See VALUE.

value, surplus See MARX.