al-Faaraabii, Abu Nasr, also called Abunaser, in Latin, Alpharabius (870–950),...

algebra, Boolean See BOOLEAN ALGEBRA.

algebra, full subset See BOOLEAN ALGEBRA.

al-Ghazaalii Abu Hamid (1058–1111). Islamic philosopher, theologian, jurist, and mystic. He...

algorithm a clerical or effective procedure that can be applied to...

algorithmic function See ALGORITHM.

alienation See MARX.

aliorelative See RELATION.

al-Kindii Abu Yusuf, in Latin, Alkindus (c.800– 70), Arab philosopher who...

aisthesis See ARISTOTLE.

aitia (Greek), cause. Originally referring to responsibility for a crime, this...

akasa Sanskrit word translated as 'ether' or 'space'. Indian philosophical systems...

akrasia also spelled acrasia, Greek term for weakness of will. Akrasia...

alaya-vijñana Sanskrit term meaning literally 'storehouse consciousness', a category developed by...

Albert of Saxony (1316–90), terminist logician from lower Saxony who taught in the...

Albert the Great See ALBERTUS MAGNUS.

Albertus Magnus also called Albert the Great (c.1200–80), German Dominican philosophertheologian. As...

Albinus See COMMENTARIES ON PLATO, MIDDLE. PLATONIS. alchemy, a quasi-scientific practice...

Alcinous See MIDDLE PLATONISM.

Alcmaeon of Croton See PRE-SOCRATICS.

Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ See D'ALEMBERT.

alethic modalities historically, the four central ways or modes in which a...

Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. A.D. c.200), Greek philosopher, one of the foremost commentators...

agnosticism (from Greek a-, 'not', and gnastos, 'known'), term invented by...

agreement, method of See MILL's METHODS.

Agriculture School See HSü HSING.

ahamkara (Sanskrit, 'I-maker', 'I-crier'), in Hindu thought, the ego or faculty...

ahanta Sanskrit word meaning 'indestructible', 'unchangeable', 'eternal'. In traditional Hindu philosophical...

ahimsa (Sanskrit), traditionally and literally, nonviolence to living creatures; for modern...

Ahura Mazda See ZOROASTRIANISM.