Boehme Jakob (1575–1624), German Protestant speculative mystic. Influenced especially by Paracelsus,...

Boethius Anicius Manlius Severinus (c.480– 525), Roman philosopher and Aristotelian translator...

Boltzmann Ludwig (1844–1906), Austrian physicist who was a spirited advocate of...

Bolzano Bernard (1781–1848), Austrian philosopher. He studied philosophy, mathematics, physics, and...

Bonaventure Saint (c.1221–74), Italian theologian. Born John of Fidanza in Bagnorea,...

boo-hurrah theory See EMOTIVISM.

Book of Changes See I-CHING.

book of life expression found in Hebrew and Christian scriptures signifying a record...

Boole, George See BOOLEAN ALGEBRA, LOGICAL. FOR. Boolean algebra, (1) an ordered...

borderline case in the logical sense, a case that falls within the...

Born interpretation See QUANTUM MECHANICS.

Bosanquet Bernard (1848–1923), British philosopher, the most systematic British absolute idealist...

Boscovich Roger Joseph, or Rudjer Josip Boskovic' (1711–87), Croatian physicist and...

bottom-up See COGNITIVE SCIENCE.

bound variable See ONTOLOGICAL COMMITMENT,. VARIABL. Bouwsma, O(ets) K(olk) (1898–1978), American philosopher,...

Boyle Robert (1627–91), British chemist and physicist who was a major...

bracketing See HUSSERL, PHENOMENOLOGY.

Bradley F(rancis) H(erbert) (1846–1924), the most original and influential nineteenth-century British...

Bradwardine, Thomas See OXFORD CALCULATORS.

Brahma See BRAHMAN.

Brahman in Hinduism, the ultimate reality, possessed of being, consciousness, and...

Brahmanism See BRAHMAN.

brain in a vat See PUTNAM, SKEPTICISM.

Brandt Richard B. (1910–97), American moral philosopher, most closely associated with...

Brentano Franz (1838–1917), German philosopher, one of the most intellectually influential...

Brentano’s thesis See INTENTIONALITY.

bridge law See REDUCTION.

British empiricists See RATIONALISM.

Broad C(harlie) D(unbar) (1887–1971), English epistemologist, metaphysician, moral philosopher, and philosopher...

Bruno Giordano (1548–1600), Italian speculative philosopher. He was born in Naples,...