alethic modalities historically, the four central ways or modes in which a...

Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. A.D. c.200), Greek philosopher, one of the foremost commentators...

Alexander of Hales (c.1185–1245), English Franciscan theologian, known as the Doctor Irrefragabilis. The...

Alexandrian School those Neoplatonic philosophers contemporary with and subsequent to Proclus (A.D....

al-Faaraabii, Abu Nasr, also called Abunaser, in Latin, Alpharabius (870–950),...

algebra, Boolean See BOOLEAN ALGEBRA.

algebra, full subset See BOOLEAN ALGEBRA.

al-Ghazaalii Abu Hamid (1058–1111). Islamic philosopher, theologian, jurist, and mystic. He...

algorithm a clerical or effective procedure that can be applied to...

algorithmic function See ALGORITHM.

alienation See MARX.

aliorelative See RELATION.

al-Kindii Abu Yusuf, in Latin, Alkindus (c.800– 70), Arab philosopher who...

Allais’s paradox a puzzle about rationality devised by Maurice Allais (b. 1911)....

allegory of the cave See PLATO.

all-things-considered reason See REASONS FOR. ACTIO.

Alnwick, William of See WILLIAM OF ALNWICK.

Alpharabius See AL-FARABI.

al-Raazii Abu Bakr, in Latin, Rhazes (c.854–925 or 932), Persian physician,...

Alston William P. (b.1921), American philosopher widely acknowledged as one of...

alternative, relevant See CONTEXTUALISM.

alternative denial See SHEFFER STROKE.

Althusser Louis (1918–90), French Marxist philosopher whose publication in 1965 of...

altruism See EGOISM.

ambiguity a phonological (or orthographic) form having multiple meanings (senses, characters,...

ambiguity, elliptic See ELLIPSIS.

Ambrose Saint, known as of Milan (c.339–97), Roman church leader and...

Ammonius See COMMENTARIES ON ARISTOTLE.

Ammonius Saccas (early third century A.D.), Platonist philosopher who taught in Alexandria....

amoralist See EMOTIVISM.