Formal reality See REALITY.

Formal semantics the study of the interpretations of formal languages. A formal...

Formal sign See SEMIOSIS.

Formalism the view that mathematics concerns manipulations of symbols according to...

Formalism, aesthetic See AESTHETIC FORMALISM.

Formalism, ethical See ETHICS.

Formalism, jurisprudential See JURISPRUDENCE.

Formalism, legal See JURISPRUDENCE.

Formalization an abstract representation of a theory that must satisfy requirements...

Formalize narrowly construed, to formulate a subject as a theory in...

Formation rule See WELL-FORMED FORMULA.

Forms, theory of See PLATO.

Formula See WELL-FORMED FORMULA.

Formula, closed See OPEN FORMULA, WELL-FORMED. FORMUL.

Formula, open See OPEN FORMULA, WELL -FORMED. FORMUL. Foucault, Michel (1926–84), French...

Foundation axiom See SET THEORY.

Foundationalism the view that knowledge and epistemic (knowledge-relevant) justification have a...

Four Books a group of Confucian texts including the Ta-hsüeh (Great Learning),...

Four causes See ARISTOTLE.

Four elements See EMPEDOCLES.

Four humors See GALEN.

Fourier François-Marie-Charles (1772–1837), French social theorist and radical critic, often called...

Fourth condition See EPISTEMOLOGY.

Fourth condition problem See EPISTEMOLOGY.

Frame See COGNITIVE SCIENCE.

Frankena William K. (1908–94), American moral philosopher who wrote a series...

Frankfurt School a group of philosophers, cultural critics, and social scientists associated...

Frankfurt-style case See FREE WILL PROBLEM.

Free beauty See BEAUTY.

Free logic a system of quantification theory, with or without identity, that...