formal justice See JUSTICE.

formal language a language in which an expression's grammaticality and interpretation (if...

formal learnability theory the study of human language learning through explicit formal models...

formal logic the science of correct reasoning, going back to Aristotle's Prior...

formal mode See METALANGUAGE.

formal reality See REALITY.

formal semantics the study of the interpretations of formal languages. A formal...

formal sign See SEMIOSIS.

formation rule See WELL-FORMED FORMULA.

form of life See WITTGENSTEIN.

Forms, theory of See PLATO.

formula See WELL-FORMED FORMULA.

formula, closed See OPEN FORMULA, WELL-FORMED. FORMUL.

formula, open See OPEN FORMULA, WELL -FORMED. FORMUL. Foucault, Michel (1926–84), French...

foundationalism the view that knowledge and epistemic (knowledge-relevant) justification have a...

foundation axiom See SET THEORY.

Four Books a group of Confucian texts including the Ta-hsüeh (Great Learning),...

four causes See ARISTOTLE.

four elements See EMPEDOCLES.

four humors See GALEN.

Fourier François-Marie-Charles (1772–1837), French social theorist and radical critic, often called...

fourth condition See EPISTEMOLOGY.

fourth condition problem See EPISTEMOLOGY.

frame See COGNITIVE SCIENCE.

Frankena William K. (1908–94), American moral philosopher who wrote a series...

Frankfurt School a group of philosophers, cultural critics, and social scientists associated...

free beauty See BEAUTY.

freedom, negative See POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE. FREEDO.

freedom, positive See POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE. FREEDO.

freedom, practical See FREE WILL PROBLEM.