aporia (plural: i), Greek term meaning 'puzzle', 'question for discussion', 'state...

Arendt Hannah (1906–75), German-born American social and political theorist. She was...

aretaic See ARETE.

arete ancient Greek term meaning 'virtue' or 'excellence'. In philosophical contexts,...

argument a sequence of statements such that some of them (the...

argument, a priori See A PRIORI.

Archytas (fl. 400–350 B.C.), Greek Pythagorean philosopher from Tarentum in southern...

architecture, cognitive See COGNITIVE SCIENCE.

aradhya Sanskrit word meaning 'object of worship or reverence'. In traditional...

Arcesilaus of Pitane (c.315–242 B.C.), Greek Skeptic philosopher, founder of the Middle Academy....

Archelaus of Athens See PRE-SOCRATICS, SKEPTICS.

archetype See JUNG.

Archimedian ordering See LEXICAL ORDERING.

argumentum ad hominem See INFORMAL FAL -. LAC.

argumentum ad baculum See INFORMAL FAL -. LAC.

argument (of a function) See MATHEMATICAL FUNC-. TIO.

argument from illusion See PERCEPTION.

argument from hallucination See PERCEPTION.

argument from evil See PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION.

argument from design See PHILOSOPHY OF RELI -. GIO.

argument from authority See INFORMAL FALLACY.

argument from analogy See PHILOSOPHY OF RELI -. GION , PROBLEM OF OTHER...

argument, practical See PRACTICAL REASONING.

Aristippus of Cyrene See CYRENAICS. Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), preeminent Greek philosopher born in...

Arianism diverse but related teachings in early Christianity that subordinated the...

argumentum consensus See INFORMAL FALLACY.

argumentum ad populum See INFORMAL FALLACY.

argumentum ad misericordiam See INFORMAL FAL -. LAC.

argumentum ad judicium See INFORMAL FALLACY.

Aristotle, commentaries on See COMMENTARIES ON. ARISTOTL.