a priori argument See A PRIORI.

aradhya Sanskrit word meaning 'object of worship or reverence'. In traditional...

Arcesilaus of Pitane (c.315–242 B.C.), Greek Skeptic philosopher, founder of the Middle Academy....

Archelaus of Athens See PRE-SOCRATICS, SKEPTICS.

archetype See JUNG.

Archimedian ordering See LEXICAL ORDERING.

architecture, cognitive See COGNITIVE SCIENCE.

Archytas (fl. 400–350 B.C.), Greek Pythagorean philosopher from Tarentum in southern...

Arendt Hannah (1906–75), German-born American social and political theorist. She was...

aretaic See ARETE.

arete ancient Greek term meaning 'virtue' or 'excellence'. In philosophical contexts,...

argument a sequence of statements such that some of them (the...

argument, a priori See A PRIORI.

argument, practical See PRACTICAL REASONING.

argument from analogy See PHILOSOPHY OF RELI -. GION , PROBLEM OF OTHER...

argument from authority See INFORMAL FALLACY.

argument from design See PHILOSOPHY OF RELI -. GIO.

argument from evil See PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION.

argument from hallucination See PERCEPTION.

argument from illusion See PERCEPTION.

argument (of a function) See MATHEMATICAL FUNC-. TIO.

argumentum ad baculum See INFORMAL FAL -. LAC.

argumentum ad hominem See INFORMAL FAL -. LAC.

argumentum ad ignorantium See INFORMAL FAL -. LAC.

argumentum ad judicium See INFORMAL FALLACY.

argumentum ad misericordiam See INFORMAL FAL -. LAC.

argumentum ad populum See INFORMAL FALLACY.

argumentum consensus See INFORMAL FALLACY.

Arianism diverse but related teachings in early Christianity that subordinated the...

Aristippus of Cyrene See CYRENAICS. Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), preeminent Greek philosopher born in...