Price Richard (1723–91), Welsh Dissenting minister, actuary, and moral philosopher. His main work, A Review of the Principal Question in Morals (1758), is a defense of rationalism in ethics. He argued that the understanding immediately perceives simple, objective, moral qualities of actions. The resulting intuitive knowledge of moral truths is accompanied by feelings of approval and disapproval responsible for moral motivation. He also wrote influential papers on life expectancy, public finance, and annuities; communicated to the Royal Society the paper by his deceased friend Thomas Bayes containing Bayes’s theorem; and defended the American and French revolutions. Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France is a response to one of Price’s sermons. J.W.A. Prichard, H(arold) A(rthur) (1871–1947), English philosopher and founder of the Oxford school of intuitionism. An Oxford fellow and professor, he published Kant’s Theory of Knowledge (1909) and numerous essays, collected in Moral Obligation (1949, 1968) and in Knowledge and Perception (1950). Prichard was a realist in his theory of knowledge, following Cook Wilson. He held that through direct perception in concrete cases we obtain knowledge of universals and of necessary connections between them, and he elaborated a theory about our knowledge of material objects. In ‘Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?’ (1912) he argued powerfully that it is wrong to think that a general theory of obligation is possible. No single principle captures the various reasons why obligatory acts are obligatory. Only by direct perception in particular cases can we see what we ought to do. With this essay Prichard founded the Oxford school of intuitionism, carried on by, among others, Ross. See also ETHICS, ROSS. J.B.S.