Schulze Gottlob Ernst (1761–1833), German philosopher today known mainly as an acute and influential early critic of Kant and Reinhold. He taught at Wittenberg, Helmstedt, and Göttingen; one of his most important students was Schopenhauer, whose view of Kant was definitely influenced by Schulze’s interpretation. Schulze’s most important work was his Aenesidemus, or ‘On the Elementary Philosophy Put Forward by Mr. Reinhold in Jena. Together with a Defense of Skepticism’ (1792). It fundamentally changed the discussion of Kantian philosophy. Kant’s earliest critics had accused him of being a skeptic like Hume. Kantians, like Reinhold, had argued that critical philosophy was not only opposed to skepticism, but also contained the only possible refutation of skepticism. Schulze tried to show that Kantianism could not refute skepticism, construed as the doctrine that doubts the possibility of any knowledge concerning the existence or non-existence of ‘things-in-themselves,’ and he argued that Kant and his followers begged the skeptic’s question by presupposing that such things exist and causally interact with us. Schulze’s Aenesidemus had a great impact on Fichte and Hegel, and it also influenced neo- Kantianism. M.K.