secundum quid in a certain respect, or with a qualification. Fallacies can arise from confusing what is true only secundum quid with what is true simpliciter (‘without qualification’, ‘absolutely’, ‘on the whole’), or conversely. Thus a strawberry is red simpliciter (on the whole). But it is black, not red, with respect to its seeds, secundum quid. By ignoring the distinction, one might mistakenly infer that the strawberry is both red and not red. Again, a certain thief is a good cook, secundum quid; but it does not follow that he is good simpliciter (without qualification). Aristotle was the first to recognize the fallacy secundum quid et simpliciter explicitly, in his Sophistical Refutations. On the basis of some exceptionally enigmatic remarks in the same work, the liar paradox was often regarded in the Middle Ages as an instance of this fallacy. See also PARADOX. P.V.S.