Stout George Frederick (1860–1944), British psychologist and philosopher. A student of Ward, he was influenced by Herbart and especially Brentano. He was editor of Mind (1892–1920). He followed Ward in rejecting associationism and sensationism, and proposing analysis of mind as activity rather than passivity, consisting of acts of cognition, feeling, and conation. Stout stressed attention as the essential function of mind, and argued for the goal-directedness of all mental activity and behavior, greatly influencing McDougall’s hormic psychology. He reinterpreted traditional associationist ideas to emphasize primacy of mental activity; e.g., association by contiguity – a passive mechanical process imposed on mind – became association by continuity of attentional interest. With Brentano, he argued that mental representation involves ‘thought reference’ to a real object known through the representation that is itself the object of thought, like Locke’s ‘idea.’ In philosophy he was influenced by Moore and Russell. His major works are Analytic Psychology (1896) and Manual of Psychology (1899). See also ASSOCIATIONISM , BRENTANO , SENSATIONALIS. T.H.L.