paradox of the ravens See CONFIRMATION.

paradox of the stone See PARADOXES OF OMNIPO -. TENC.

parallel distributed processing See CONNECTION -. IS.

parallelism See PHILOSOPHY OF MIND.

parallelism, psychophysical See PHILOSOPHY OF. MIN. parapsychology, the study of certain anomalous...

Pareto efficiency also called Pareto optimality, a state of affairs in which...

Pareto optimality See PARETO EFFICIENCY.

Pareto-superior See PARETO EFFICIENCY. Parfit, Derek (b.1942), British philosopher internationally known...

parity of reasons See PRINCIPLE OF INDIFFERENCE.

Parmenides (early fifth century B.C.), Greek philosopher, the most influential of...

parousia See PLATO.

parse tree See PARSING.

parsimony, principle of See OCKHAM'S RAZOR. parsing, the process of determining the syntactic...

partial belief See PROBABILITY.

partial function See MATHEMATICAL FUNCTION.

partial order See RELATION.

partial ordering See ORDERING.

participation See PLATO.

particular See CONCEPTUALISM, INDIVIDUATION,. METAPHYSIC.

particular, bare See METAPHYSICS.

particular, basic See STRAWSON.

particularism See PROBLEM OF THE CRITERION.

particular proposition See SYLLOGISM.

partition division of a set into mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive...

Parva naturalia See ARISTOTLE.

Pascal Blaise (1623–62), French philosopher known for his brilliance as a...

Pascal’s wager See PASCAL.

passion See EMOTION, HUME, PRACTICAL REASON -. IN.

passions See EMOTION.

passions, direct See HUME.