classical republicanism also known as civic humanism, a political outlook developed by Machiavelli in Renaissance Italy and by James Harrington (1611–77) in seventeenth-century England, modified by eighteenth-century British and Continental writers and important for the thought of the American founding fathers. Drawing on Roman historians, Machiavelli argued that a state could hope for security from the blows of fortune only if its (male) citizens were devoted to its well-being. They should take turns ruling and being ruled, be always prepared to fight for the republic, and limit their private possessions. Such men would possess a wholly secular virtù appropriate to political beings. Corruption, in the form of excessive attachment to private interest, would then be the most serious threat to the republic. Harrington’s utopian Oceana (1656) portrayed England governed under such a system. Opposing the authoritarian views of Hobbes, it described a system in which the well-to-do male citizens would elect some of their number to govern for limited terms. Those governing would propose state policies; the others would vote on the acceptability of the proposals. Agriculture was the basis of economics, but the size of estates was to be strictly controlled. Harringtonianism helped form the views of the political party opposing the dominance of the king and court. Montesquieu in France drew on classical sources in discussing the importance of civic virtue and devotion to the republic.
All these views were well known to Jefferson, Adams, and other American colonial and revolutionary thinkers; and some contemporary communitarian critics of American culture return to classical republican ideas. See also MACHIAVELLI, POLITICAL PHILOS- OPHY. J.B.S.