jung ju, Chinese terms that express the Confucian distinction between honor and shame or disgrace. The locus classicus of the discussion is found in Hsün Tzu’s works. While the distinction between jung (honor) and ju (disgrace, shame) pertains to the normal, human conditions of security and danger, harm and benefit, it is crucial to distinguish honor as derived from mere external recognition and honor justly deserved, and to distinguish shame or disgrace due to circumstance, as in poverty, from that due to one’s own ethical misconduct. The chün-tzu (paradigmatic individual) should be content with the shame due to circumstance but not with shame justly deserved because of misconduct. The key issue is shame or honor justly deserved from the point of view of jen (benevolence) and yi (rightness), and not shame or honor resting on contingencies beyond one’s control. See also HSÜN TZ. A.S.C.