agent-relative See UTILITARIANISM.

agama (Sanskrit, 'what has come down'), an authoritative religious text of...

African philosophy the philosophy produced by the preliterate cultures of Africa, distinctive...

aesthetic attitude the appropriate attitude or frame of mind for approaching art...

aesthetic form See AESTHETIC FORMALISM, AES -. THETIC. aesthetic formalism, the view...

aesthetic property a property or quality such as being dainty, garish, graceful,...

aesthetics the branch of philosophy that examines the nature of art...

affirming the consequent See FORMAL FALLACY.

a fortiori argument an argument that moves from the premises that everything which...

Ailly, Pierre d’ See D'AILLY.

Ahura Mazda See ZOROASTRIANISM.

ahimsa (Sanskrit), traditionally and literally, nonviolence to living creatures; for modern...

ahanta Sanskrit word meaning 'indestructible', 'unchangeable', 'eternal'. In traditional Hindu philosophical...

ahamkara (Sanskrit, 'I-maker', 'I-crier'), in Hindu thought, the ego or faculty...

Agriculture School See HSü HSING.

agreement, method of See MILL's METHODS.

agnosticism (from Greek a-, 'not', and gnastos, 'known'), term invented by...

agnoiology (from Greek agnoia, 'ignorance'), the study of ignorance, its quality,...

Albertus Magnus also called Albert the Great (c.1200–80), German Dominican philosophertheologian. As...

Albinus See COMMENTARIES ON PLATO, MIDDLE. PLATONIS. alchemy, a quasi-scientific practice...

Alcinous See MIDDLE PLATONISM.

Alcmaeon of Croton See PRE-SOCRATICS.

Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ See D'ALEMBERT.

Albert the Great See ALBERTUS MAGNUS.

Albert of Saxony (1316–90), terminist logician from lower Saxony who taught in the...

alaya-vijñana Sanskrit term meaning literally 'storehouse consciousness', a category developed by...

akrasia also spelled acrasia, Greek term for weakness of will. Akrasia...

akasa Sanskrit word translated as 'ether' or 'space'. Indian philosophical systems...

aitia (Greek), cause. Originally referring to responsibility for a crime, this...

alethic modalities historically, the four central ways or modes in which a...