Plutarch of Athens See NEOPLATONISM.

Plutarch of Chaeronea See ACADEMY, MIDDLE PLA -. TONIS.

PM See APPENDIX OF SPECIAL SYMBOLS.

pneuma See STOICISM.

Po-hu tung ('White Tiger Hall Consultations'), an important Chinese Confucian work of...

poiesis (Greek, 'production'), behavior aimed at an external end. In Aristotle,...

Poincaré Jules Henri (1854–1912), French mathematician and influential philosopher of science....

Polish logic logic as researched, elucidated, and taught in Poland, 1919–39. Between...

Polish notation See LOGICAL NOTATION.

political obligation See POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY.

political philosophy the study of the nature and justification of coercive institutions....

political theory reflection concerning the empirical, normative, and conceptual dimensions of political...

polyadic See DEGREE.

Polyaenus See EPICUREANISM.

polysemy See AMBIGUITY.

polysyllogism a series of syllogisms connected by the fact that the...

Pomponazzi Pietro (1462–1525), Italian philosopher, an Aristotelian who taught at the...

pons asinorum (Latin 'asses' bridge'), a methodological device based upon Aristotle's description of...

Popper Karl Raimund (1902–94), Austrian-born British philosopher best known for contributions...

Porphyry (c.232–c.304), Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, second to Plotinus in influence. He...

Port-Royal Logic originally entitled La logique, ou L'art de penser, a treatise...

Posidonius See ACADEMY, COMMENTARIES ON. PLATO , STOICIS.

positional qualities See QUALITIES.

positive and negative freedom respectively, the area within which the individual is self-determining and...

positive duty See DUTY.

positive feedback See CYBERNETICS.

positive freedom See POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FREE-. DO.

positive morality See JURISPRUDENCE.

positivism, legal See JURISPRUDENCE, LEGAL POSI -. TIVIS.

positivism, logical See COMTE, LOGICAL POSITIVISM.