Irrationality unreasonableness. Whatever it entails, irrationality can characterize belief, desire, intention,...

Irredundant See INDEPENDENCE RESULTS.

Irreflexive See RELATION.

Irrelevant conclusion, fallacy of See INFORMAL FAL-. LAC. is, third person singular form of...

Is–ought distinction See FACT – VALUE DISTINCTION.

Is–ought problem See FACT – VALUE DISTINCTION.

Isaac Israeli See JEWISH PHILOSOPHY.

Isagoge See PORPHYRY. Islamic Neoplatonism, a Neoplatonism constituting one of several...

Islamic philosophy See ARABIC PHILOSOPHY. Isocrates (436–338 B.C.), Greek rhetorician and teacher...

Isolation argument See EPISTEMOLOGY.

Isomorphism See CATEGORICITY, HOMOMORPHISM,. KÖHLE.

Israeli, Isaac See JEWISH PHILOSOPHY.

Iterated modality See ALETHIC MODALITIES.

Iterative hierarchy See SET THEORY.

Jacobi Friedrich Heinrich (1743–1819), German man of letters, popular novelist, and...

Jainism an Indian religious and philosophical tradition established by Mahavira, a...

James William (1842–1910), American philosopher, psychologist, and one of the founders...

James-Lange theory the theory, put forward by William James and independently by...

Jansenism a set of doctrines advanced by European Roman Catholic reformers,...

Japanese philosophy philosophy in Japan, beginning with Buddhist thought and proceeding to...

Jaspers Karl Theodor (1883–1969), German psychologist and philosopher, one of the...

Jean Poinsot See JOHN OF SAINT THOMAS.

Jen Chinese philosophical term, important in Confucianism, variously translated as 'kindness',...

Jen hsin See TAO-HSIN, JEN-HSIN.

Jen-yü See T'IEN LI, JEN -YÜ.

Jevons William Stanley (1835–82), British economist, logician, and philosopher of science....

Jewish philosophy. The subject begins with Philo Judaeus (c.20 B.C. – A.D. 40) of Alexandria. Applying Stoic...

Jhana a term used by Theravada Buddhists meaning 'pondering' or 'contemplation'...

Joachim of Floris (c.1132/35–1202), Italian mystic who traveled to the Holy Land and,...

Johannes Philoponus (c.490–575), Greek philosopher and theologian, who worked in Alexandria (philoponus,...