picture theory of meaning See MEANING, WITTGEN-. STEI. pien, Chinese Mohist technical term for disputation, defined as ‘contending over converse claims’. It involves discrimination between what does and does not ‘fit the facts.’ In Hsün Tzu, pien as discrimination pertains especially to the ability to distinguish mental states (such as anger, grief, love, hate, and desires) as well as proper objects of different senses. Pien is significantly used in the context of justification as a phase in ethical argumentation. Among other things, pien as justification pertains to projection of the significance of comparable past ethical experiences to present ‘hard cases’ of human life. A.S.C.