Wundt Wilhelm Maximilien (1832–1920), German philosopher and psychologist, a founder of scientific psychology. Although trained as a physician, he turned to philosophy and in 1879, at the University of Leipzig, established the first recognized psychology laboratory. For Wundt, psychology was the science of conscious experience, a definition soon overtaken by behaviorism. Wundt’s psychology had two departments: the so-called physiological psychology (Grundzuge der physiologischen Psychologie, 3 vols., 1873– 74; only vol. 1 of the fifth edition, 1910, was translated into English), primarily the experimental study of immediate experience broadly modeled on Fechner’s psychophysics; and the Volkerpsychologie (Volkerpsychologie, 10 vols., 1900–20; fragment translated as The Language of Gestures, 1973), the non-experimental study of the higher mental processes via their products, language, myth, and custom. Although Wundt was a prodigious investigator and author, and was revered as psychology’s founder, his theories, unlike his methods, exerted little influence. A typical German scholar of his time, he also wrote across the whole of philosophy, including logic and ethics. T.H.L.