automaton See COMPUTER THEORY, SELF -REPRO -. DUCING AUTOMATO.

automaton, cellular See SELF-REPRODUCING AUTOM-. ATO.

automaton, finite See COMPUTER THEORY, TURING. MACHIN.

automaton, self-reproducing See SELF -REPRODUC -. ING AUTOMATO.

autonomy See FREE WILL PROBLEM, KANT, POSITIVE. AND NEGATIVE FREEDO.

autonomy of biology See UNITY OF SCIENCE.

autonomy of ethics See ETHICS.

autonomy of psychology See PHILOSOPHY OF PSY -. CHOLOG. avatar (from Sanskrit avatara),...

Avempace See IBN BAJJA.

Avenarius Richard (1843–96), German philosopher. He was born in Paris and...

Averroes in Arabic, Ibn Rushd (1126–98), Islamic philosopher, jurist, and physician....

aversion therapy See BEHAVIOR THERAPY.

Avicebron See IBN GABIROL.

Avicenna in Arabic, Ibn Sina (980–1037), Islamic philosopher and physician. Born...

avidya Sanskrit word meaning 'ignorance', 'lack of wisdom'. Avidya is a...

awareness consciousness, a central feature of our lives that is notoriously...

axiology See VALUE THEORY.

axiom See AXIOMATIC METHOD.

axiomatic method originally, a method for reorganizing the accepted propositions and concepts...

axiomatic system See AXIOMATIC METHOD, DEDUC -. TIO.

axiom of abstraction See AXIOM OF COMPREHEN -. SIO.

axiom of choice See LÖWENHEIM -SKOLEM THEO -. REM , SET THEOR. axiom...

axiom of extensionality See SET THEORY.

axiom of infinity See SET THEORY.

axiom of reducibility See TYPE THEORY.

axiom of replacement See SET THEORY.

axiom of separation See AXIOM OF COMPREHEN -. SION , SET THEOR.

axiom schema See TRANSFORMATION RULE.

Ayer A(lfred) J(ules) (1910–89), British philosopher, one of the most important...

ATON . Celsus (late second century A.D.?), anti-Christian writer known only as...